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Intro to MOD
Cunningham - 1 hr
15
Medical
Graduate
04/25/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
cellular adaptation
Definition
allow a cell to respond to injury and preserve the viability of the cell

atrophy
hyperplasia (breast development, endometrial hyperplasia)
hypertrophy
metaplasia
adaptation, dysplasia, and risk for cancer
-e.g. endometrial hyperplasia, if it continues, can become abnormal hyperplasia -> dysplasia, precancerous
hyperplasia, hypertophy, atrophy, metaplasia
Term
reversible cell injury (include morphological expression)
Definition
cellular swelling (hydrophobic change), fatty change (lipid)
blebs
clumping of nuclear chromatin
lysosomal autophagy
ER swelling
dispersion of ribosomes
mitochondrial swelling
Term
irreversible cell injury
Definition
--> cell death (apoptosis, necrosis)
Term
hyperplasia & hypertrophy - examples?
Definition
Postpartum uterus
-The i/c in the size of the uterus is primarily the result of i/c smooth muscle size in the myometrium (hypertophy) and number of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium (hyperplasia)

Ectopic pregnancy
-RLQ pain, rupture of the fallopian tube due to implantation site other than myometrium
-poor attachment to wall of fallopian tube
-continued growth -> dilatation, weakening of the muscularis with transmural rupture
Term
hyperplasia - examples?
Definition
Female breast development (physiologic)
-i/c estrogen -> stroma, ductile system, fat deposition
-i/c progesterone -> lobules, alveoli

Uterine endometrial cycle
-i/c estrogen -> proliferative phase
-endometrial hyperplasia is excessive proliferative changes in the endometrial glands and stroma caused by prolonged estrogen stimulation w/o progesterone, occurs around menopause
-estrogen producing tumors can induce endometrial hyperplasia, may progress to atypical hyperplasia -> dysplasia, precancerous

Gynecomastia in an alcoholic
-cirrhotic liver does not metabolize estrogen, i/c estrogen:androgen ratio
-estrogen induced proliferation of ductal epithelium and stromal hyperplasia (but not lobular units)

BPH
-nodular prostatic hyperplasia compresses the urethra -> "urgency"
-mediated by androgens and estrogens, occurs in older patients
-glands/stromal hyperplasia in the periurethral prostate
-develops in the TZ in older patients
-75% of prostate cancer develops in the PZ
-no relationship b/t BPH and prostate cancer
Term
hypertrophy - examples?
Definition
Exercise hypertrophy
-nerve, cardiac, and skeletal muscle cells have little/no capacity for hyperplastic growth
-i/c soleus muscle in a marathon runner

Heart attack/HTN
-myocardial response to injury is hypertrophy
Term
atrophy - examples?
Definition
Hashimoto thyroiditis
-Hypothyroidism due to glandular atrophy
-atrophy in thyroid epithelium, results from TSH-R blocking Ab
-heavy lymphocytic infiltrates destroy thyroid follicles in the parenchyma

Addison's disease (Primary adrenal insufficiency)
-hyperpigmentation, weakness, fatigue, N&V, hypotension, hyperkalemia, low Na/Cl/HCO3-/glucose
-high ACTH, low cortisol, high melanotropin
-atrophy of the adrenal glands
Term
*metaplasia*
-what can it progress to?
Definition
GERD
-leads to GE reflux -> metaplasia from squamous to glandular epithelium
-metaplastic epithelium carries a risk of dysplasia - either gastric or intestinal glands (goblet cells & villi)
-glands may become disorganized, with an i/c N:C ratio

Smoking
-columnar w/ goblet cells -> dysplastic squamous epithelium
-squamous cell carcinoma

Cervical Transformation Zone
-the squamous-columnar junction b/t the ectocervix & endocervix
-hormones and physical factors lead to adaptation, possible *squamous metaplasia*
-cervical inflammation -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> squamous cell carcinoma
Term
In a pt with a hx of GERD who has an occlusion of the esophageal lumen, what might be an expected finding?
Definition
metaplasia -> dysplasia
adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus arising in site of chronic inflammation due to reflux, metaplasia, and dysplasia
Term
coagulative necrosis
-where might you see this?
Definition
kidney (glomeruli, tubules)

recent MI: absence of myocardial cell nuclei, acute inflammation
Term
liquefactive necrosis
-where might you see this?
-associated bacteria?
Definition
kidney - neutrophils in an abscess

pneumonia - lots of neutrophils

acute suppurative appendicitis with numerous neutrophils

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
-bacterial/fungal infxn
-neutrophils & lysosomal enzymes, digest bacteria & tissue
-liquid mass
-abscess formation, *pus*
-fallopian tube: neutrophils cause pus to surround the tube & ovaries

Stroke
-lipid content in brain leads to a different type of ischemic necrosis than that seen in solid tissue
-cerebrovascular occlusion, soft & filled with fluid

E. coli, Klebsiella pneumo, Proteus fecalis, Strep faecalis, Staph aureus
Term
caseous necrosis
Definition
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
-inhaled mycobacteria proliferate in macrophages
-mediators activate macrophages to kill, form granulomas
-CD8 T cells kill macrophages with mycobacteria -> caseous necrosis (e.g. in lungs)
Term
fat necrosis
Definition
Acute pancreatitis, release of lipases
-focal area of fat destruction
-enzymatic due to release of pancreatic lipases or from macrophages

Inflammatory mass
-hard mass, may resemble cancer in breast
-damaged, necrotic fat is phagocytosed by macrophages
Term
Virchow's triad
Definition
3 primary influences on thrombus formation
-endothelial injury (heart wall, atherosclerosis)
-abnormal blood flow (turbulence and stasis in dilated veins & arterial aneurysms)
-hypercoagulability: i/c tendency to form thrombi
Term
Trousseau sign of malignancy
Definition
"Migratory thrombophlebitis" - occurs in ~10% of pts with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
-elaboration of platelet-aggregating factors and procoagulants from the tumor or its necrotic products
-venous and arterial thrombi can occur
-Venous thrombi can embolize to the lungs
-"saddle" pulmonary embolus may result in sudden severe dyspnea and demise of the patient
-Smaller emboli may produce pulmonary infarctions with some dyspnea and chest pain

a medical sign found in certain cancers that's associated with hypercoagulability
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