Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Intro to Intelligence
Chapters 4 and 5
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/15/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Learning (definition and example)
Definition

the ability of a system to adapt its behavior appropriately on the basis of its experience

 Feed a rat always on right of maze – if rat goes right, it learned, if rat goes left it’s dumb

 

Term
Associationism was developed by ______________. 
Definition
British Empiricists
Term
What three ideas is associationism based on?
Definition

Empiricism

Atomism

Connectionism 

Term
Empiricism
Definition

the doctrine that everything we know is learned through personal experience, and that the mind starts blank

People cannot imagine elementary sensations such as color or taste that we have not experienced. 

Term
The alternate position ot associationism is __________.  It states that the content of the mind comes from both ____________ and ___________.
Definition

Nativism

learning and innate factors 

Term
Atomism
Definition
the belief that the mind consists of parts, or atoms, such as elementary ideas, sensations ,or images that come from experience
Term
Connectionism
Definition
the theory that these mental elements/atoms become connected with each other by bonds called associations and that all complex mental phenomena depend on these combinations
Term
4 Ways to Make Connections
Definition

Frequency - repeition of a link

Contiguity - events that happen close together in time and space 

Vividness - sharpness of experience

Similarity - resemblence 

Term
Structuralism
Definition

Psychology is a science not a part of philipsophy

Introspection 

Term
Introspection
Definition
asking people to observe their own mental processes
Term
T/F, People confuse mental images with faint visual images
Definition
True
Term

Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning

When does extinction occur? 

Definition

1.  An unconditioned stimulus produced an unconditioned response

2.  A conditioned stimulus is presented with the unconditioned stimulus

3.  If the UCS is removed, but the CS is present, the UCR will still occur.

If UCS is permently removed, CS will no longer have an effect. 

Term
Instrumental Conditioning - example
Definition
Cat trying to get out of box, must pull string, after it knows how to get out escape time decreases sharply
Term

Skinner Box

Acquisition Phase

Extinction Phase 

Definition
a.    Hole for delivering rewards
b.    Lever or a button to press
c.    A light to signal the animal
d.    Acquisition phase of learning – animal accidentally presses lever and gets food.
e.    Extinction phase – if no food comes out animal will stop pressing lever
Term
T/F - Structuralism results are reproducible.
Definition
False
Term
Behaviorism studies only ______________________.
Definition
directly observable things
Term
Fixed Ratio
Definition
Animal rewarded every so many times no matter what.
Term
Variable Ratio
Definition
Reward rate changes.  More resistant to extinction.
Term
Shaping
Definition
1.    Training by successive approximation
2.    Reward when it gets closer to target
Term
In the battle of learning vs. instinct who won?  Give an example.
Definition

Instinct.

 Raccoon putting coins in a bank, but rewarded with food.  Raccoon could not stop cleaning coins.

Term
Imprinting
Definition
the period of time just after birth when an animal learns its identity.
Term
Precocial
Definition
feed and walk within hours of birth
Term
One good and bad thing that came from behaviorists
Definition

Good:  Lots of data.

 

Bad:  Discouraged study of complcated things. 

Term
Internal Representation / Delayed Response
Definition
Rats and lighted doors. Rats don't have internal representation, must place their bodies in the correct direction.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition

Just because you dont show learning doesn't mean you aren't learning.

 3 groups of rats.

    1. rewarded whole time

    2.  never rewarded

    3.  rewarded after half way

3rd group caught up to first group in 2 days. 

Term
Pigets experiments
Definition
1.    Box under rug with potato in it
2.    Apple in spot A then move to B still looks in A
3.    Move object out of sight, it disappears don’t even look for it.
Term
Object Permenance
Definition
Infants behave as if things that are no longer in view no longer exist
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
things that can be recalled after a long period of time
Term
Working Memory
Definition
the active part of our memory at any moment
Term

3 Things That Happen in Working Memory

2 Constraints to Working Memory 

Definition

i.    Information is manipulated
ii.    Decision are made
iii.    Problems are Solved

i.    Will only hold a limited amount of information
ii.    Will only hold information for a limited amount of time
 

Term
Average Memory Span  
Definition
7
Term
3 Ways to Improve Memory Span
Definition

Repitition

Grouping (usually numbers)

Chunking - depends on personal knowledge 

Term
3 Parts of Long Term Memory
Definition

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval 

Term
Two Types of Interference and definitions
Definition
1.    Proactive interference – something learned earlier makes it difficult to remember something learned later
2.    Retroactive interference – something learned later makes it difficult to remember something that was learned earlier
Term
Two ways to reduce interference
Definition
1.    Overlearning – overlearn to reduce forgetting, overlearned material is easier to recall for a longer time frame
2.    Reviewing
Term
Proactive interference
Definition
 something learned earlier makes it difficult to remember something learned later
Term
Retroactive interference
Definition
something learned later makes it difficult to remember something that was learned earlier
Term
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Definition
cant remember a word you know you know
Term
4 Retrival tasks
Definition

Uncued recall

cued recall

recognition

savings 

Term
Uncued Recall (2 types)
Definition
subjects are required to reproduce the material they have learned without any aids.  
a.    Serial recall – must repeat list in order
b.    Free recall – repeat list in any order
Term
Cued Recall
Definition
providing hints as the subject recalls the list
Term
Recognition
Definition
provide a larger list which contains the first list and subject must identify which words were from the first list
Term
Savings
Definition
compare how long it takes subject to relearn old list after long period of time has passed
Term
b.    For a given degree of learning, we would get the best score on a _________ test and worst on an __________ test
Definition

Savings

 

Uncued Recall 

Term
SPERMM
Definition

S - Structuring

P - Providing Examples

E - Evaluating

R - Relating to Prior Knowledge

M - Monitoring learning

M - Multiple coding 

Term
Structuring
Definition

i.    Search actively for relations in the learning material

hierarchies, categories 

Example: structure of a textbook 

Term
Relating to Prior Knowledge
Definition

Relations between the things to be learned and the things we already know

 Example: finding the meanings of unfamiliar words when you know what the roots mean

Term
Evaluating
Definition

questioning the materials validiity

 

Example:  does the economic trend of supply and demand make sense?  are there other explinations? 

Term
Providing Examples  
Definition

providing examples

Example:  and example of a red object is an apple 

Term
multiple coding
Definition

Represent the information we want to remember in more than one way 

imagery

paraphrase 

Term
Monitoring Learning
Definition

Where does our time go?

 Test yourself during study 80% of the time

Term
Mnemonics
Definition

Memory techniques that work by providing external structures as aids to learning

Take a difficult uncued recall task and turn it into two easier cued recall task 

Term
Acronyms
Definition
a word or phrase made entirely of letters that are cues to words we want to remember
a.    HOMES – 5 great lakes
Term
Acrostics
Definition
a sentence or rhyme in which the first letter of each word is a cue.
a.    Every good boy does fine – EGBDF
Term
Rhyme-Key Method
Definition
1.    Useful for remembering lists of ordered or unordered items
2.    Memorize keywords that rhyme with digits
3.    Create image of keyword and word you want to remember together
Term
The Chaining Method
Definition
1.    Each portion of the content is a cue for the next retrieval
Term
The Keyword Method
Definition
1.    Useful for learning foreign language vocabulary
2.    One selects a keyword in English that resembles the foreign word
3.    One uses imagery to relate the keyword to the English meaning
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
1.    Select a very familiar location
2.    Choose a starting place
3.    Associate each encounter with something on the list
4.    Use imagery to associate the connections
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