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- Characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.
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(or prehistory): the study of past human
cultures through their material remains.
One of the four fields of N. American anthropology |
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| Studies societies that never left written records. |
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| The species originated in Africa and spread as far as India, China and Java about 1.3-1.8 million years ago. Use of fire and simple tools. |
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| Creole language of the Solomon Islands. Grammar similar to local languages but 80% of vocabulary comes from English. |
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| A language descended from a pidgin, with it's own native speakers, rich vocabularies and more developed grammar. |
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| Languages that blends at least two different parent languages and emerges when two different cultures with different language come in to contact and need to communicate with each other. |
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| Cultural relativism, historical particularism, advocacy. Early twentieth century, beginning of American anthropology. Baffin Islands, study of Inuit culture |
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| Each culture must be understood by the values and ideas of that culture and not be judged by the standards of another. |
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| Absolute Cultural Relativism |
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| Whatever goes on in a particular culture must not be questioned or changed because no one has the right to question any behavior or idea anywhere - to do so would be ethnocentric. |
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| Ju/'hoan ceremony of Tawna-Herero |
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| A hunter must be modest about his kill, insisting that the meat is meager and that there is no fat at all, this is an example of social leveling. The hunter gains no social status or power. |
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| Fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the behaviour and ideas of dispersed members of a culture or to understand relationships between different levels such as state policy and local culture. |
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A research method for learning about culture that involves living in a culture for an extended period of time while gathering data. Most important aspects of participant observation:
1. Living with the people
2. Learning their language
3. Participating in their everyday life |
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Father of participant observation. Studied the culture of Troibrian Island during WW1. Most important aspects of participant observation: 1. Living with the people
2. Learning their language
3. Participating in their everyday life |
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| Coming of age ceremonies in the South Pacific. Personality and Culture, cultural constructionism, public anthropology. |
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| Studied culture of Papua New Guinea, to find a singular truth about humanity. According to her this is no longer an acceptable goal in anthropology. |
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| Horace Miner: Make the familiar strange. |
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| The logical impossibility of doing research on natural communication events without affecting the naturalness sought. |
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| People having the same social, economic or educatonal status. Example "working class" |
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| Process of socio-cultural change |
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| Through invention (the number zero, automobiles, universal suffrage) or cultural interaction (clash of civilization, McDonaldization, hybridization, localization). |
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| Take over and homogenization model. Principles of mass production, speed, standardization and impersonal service. |
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| Types of Cultural Interactions |
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Clash of Civilizations: Euro-American capitalism has created alienation, resentment
McDonaldization: World is becoming culturally homogenous
Hybridization/syncretism/creolization/cultural crossover: Two or more cultures blend to make something new |
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| Research in the field, which is any place culture and people are found. |
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| Persistent feeling of loneliness, uneasiness and anxiety when a person has shifted from one culture to another |
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| The study of the non human members of the order of mammals called primates, which includes a wide range of animals from very small nocturnal creatures to gorillas. |
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| The study of prehistoric life including humans. |
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| The study of a particular topic in more than one culture using ethnographic material |
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| A first hand detailed description of a living culture based on first hand observation |
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| Cultures grew from a lower state to a higher one. Euro-American culture is seen as "civilized", non-Western culture is "primitive". It is assumed that primitive cultures will catch up or die off. |
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Edward Tylor: Culture or civilization... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Marvin Harris: A culture is the total socially acquire life-way or life style of a group of people. It consists of patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. |
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| Characteristics of Culture |
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Culture is not nature, but nature has an important relationship with culture
Eating/Drinking/Sleeping/Eliminating/Sexual intercourse
Culture is based on symbols: Symbols are arbitrary
Culture is learned: Enculturation
Cultures are integrated: A holistic view is necessary to understand all aspects
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| A subculture based on age, youth culture can be an agent of cultural change |
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| The four fields of Anthropology |
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Physical anthropology
Archaeology
Anthropological linguistics
Social anthropology |
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Also called practicing anthropology or practical anthropology
The use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape or achieve policy goals. |
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| The ethical dimensions of fieldwork |
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-An anthropologists primary responsibility is to the safety of the people being studied
- Cultural anthropology does not condone undercover research. The researcher should fully inform the research participants of the intent, scope and possible effects of the study and seek their consent in the study. |
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| Basic distinction between individuals in most societies |
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Researchers traveled to colonized countries and lived near - but not with research subjects.
Examples: A.R. Radcliffe-Brown |
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Also called enculturation
The process of transmitting culture to infants and other new members of a society through formal and informal process.
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Research that gathers any available data from severely damaged (from colonial influence and violence) cultures in order to document language, social life and religious beliefs.
Example: A.R. Radcliffe-Brown |
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-Culture emerged through group formation and the development of language and the ability to use symbols
-Culture as a means of addressing natural/social needs through a system of laws
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Whiteness is idealogically dependent on blackness
Nerds reject youth culture through superstandard English and references to intelligence
White youth culture dependent on black youth culture |
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A theory that explains human behaviour mostly as a result of learning (enculturation/socialization)
Noted anthropologist: Margeret Mead |
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| A qualitative, in depth description of an individual's life as narrated to the researcher. |
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| An object, word or action with culturally defined meaning that stands for something else; most symbols are arbitrary. |
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| Date of the origin of language |
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| Theories of the origin of language |
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-The result of divine or supernatural intervention
-Langauge is a part of the ontology of the world
-Language developed with evolution |
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| The study of how words are put together |
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| The grammar of a language |
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| The study of a language's sound systems |
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| The vocabulary of a langauge or culture |
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| Is acquired through socialization, just like culture. |
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-American linguist
-Humans are predisposed to language
-Children can make complex sentences without having been exposed to the data necessary to make them. |
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| Hypercorrect spoken English, which is spoken with the same grammar as written English. How nerds speak, in The Whiteness of Nerds |
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-Languages have disappeared when their speakers and cultures have come under attack throughout history
-Language death is when a language disappears and follows a process of endangerment stages |
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| Productivity (in language) |
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| The ability to create an infinite range of understandable expressions from a finite set of rules |
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| Arbitrariness (in language) |
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| The relationship between sound and meaning are irrelevant. Words are symbols, their meaning is defined by culture not labels |
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| Conventionality (in language) |
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| Combined with arbitrariness allows us to create new words, assign them meaning, change meaning as needed and so on |
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| Social inequality in accessing to new and emerging inforation technology, notable access to up-to-date computers, the internet and training on thier use |
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| Language and thought influence each other and shape the world view of different cultures. |
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A question seeking affirmation placed at the end of a sentence.
You're John, aren't you? |
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| An analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture. |
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| What insiders do and perceive about their culture, their perceptions of reality, and their explanations for why they do what they do |
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| A few hundred words which make up 85% of everyday speech |
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A form of French slang that reverses the order of syllables and sounds
Example Verlan = l'envers |
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| The causes of language change |
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-New generation with new ideas push languange in new directions
-Languages disappear if their speaker come under attack (ie; colonialism)
-Globalization of popular culture
-Families shift to meet socioeconomic values associated with language (learning English to have a job/education)
-"National" languages
-Language loss |
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| A way of speaking in a particular place or a variety of languages emerging from local circumstance |
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| The study of language change over time and how languages are related |
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| Human language vs animal communication |
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-Evolution of language seperates us from other animal (except cetacea and maybe other primates)
-Human mostly evolved culturally instead of biologically after the development of language |
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| Eating Christmas in the Kalahari |
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| An anthropologist studying the !kung in Namibia, decides to buy the largest ox he can find to share with the tribe on Christmas. For weeks leading up to the feast he is criticized that the ox is too thin, even though in reality it is huge. He learns that the tribe tease each other like this to enforce social leveling. Since it is dangerous for the tribe dynamic if someone were to become overly arrogant. He also learns that there is no truly generous offer. His ox can't make up for months of stinginess and manipulation using material goods. |
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| Full time religious specialist whose position is mostly based on abilities gained through training. Performs periodic state rituals. |
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| A part time religious specialist who gains their position through direct relationship with the supernatural. Usually they are indicated by a special sign (a "call"). Associated with non state societies and non periodic rituals. |
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Belief system in which the supernatural is conceived as an impersonal power.
Example: Mana |
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A force outside of nature that works automatically. Associated with people, objects and status. Neither spirit nor diety
Found in Melanesian South Pacific. |
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The belief in souls or doubles
Early human ancestors need to explain the difference between the living and the dead |
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Revitalization movements in Melanesia and New Zealand
Emphasis on the acquisition of western trade goods. Originally ship cargo but now airplanes too. |
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| Social movements that seek to bring about positive change, either by re-establish all or parts of a religion which has been threatened by outside influences or by adopting new practices and beliefs. |
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| Religion serves to reinforce social control by enforcing moral codes and setting rules for appropriate social behaviour |
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| Magic, religion and science are alike in that they are different ways people have tried to explain the physical world and events in them |
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| The act to compel supernatural forces and being to act in a certain way |
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| Beliefs actions related to supernaturally beings and forces |
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An example of imitative magic
Found mostly in West African and Caribean cultures. A syncretic religion combining Christianity and West African beliefs |
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| If person or object X is similar to person or object Y then action done to person or object X will affect person or object Y |
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| Different types of religious specialists |
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-Priests
-Shamans
-Diviners
-Prophets
-Witches |
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| A mode of production based on keeping domestic animal herds |
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| Another name for horticulture /slash and burn cultivation/ shifting cultivation/ extensive agriculture |
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Moving from location to location
Foraging and pastoral modes of production |
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Fixed in one location
Horticulture, agriculture and industry as modes of production |
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| A mode of production that involves growing crops with fertilizers, plowing and irrigation |
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| Also known as horticulture/ shifting cultivation/ swidden cultivation/ slash and burn cultivation |
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