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Intro Psych. Chapter 16
Social Behaviour
32
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2013

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Term
Person Perception
Definition
Process of forming impressions of others. Judgements of personality often formed by appearance/physical attractiveness
*Good looking people expected to be more successful
Term
Social Schemas
Definition
Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
*People routinely place one another in categories which influences the process of person perception
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition
When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen
*Takes only one instance; "I've never met an honest lawyer"
Term
In-group
Definition
Group that one belongs to and identifies with
Term
Out group
Definition
Group that one does not belong to or identify with
Term
Attributions
Definition
Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behaviour and their own behaviour
Term
Internal Attributions
Definition
Ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities and feelings
Term
External Attributions
Definition
Ascribe causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behaviour
*Explaining behaviour in situational factors takes more effort
Term
Defensive Attribution
Definition
Tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
*Blaming homeless people for being homeless
Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition
Tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and ones failures to situational factors
Term
Collectivism
Definition
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group one belongs to
*Emphasize obedience, cooperation
Term
Individualism
Definition
Putting Personal Goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
*Emphasize independence, self-reliance
Term
Interpersonal Attraction
Definition
Positive feelings toward another
*Physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocity, romantic ideals
Term
Matching Hypothesis
Definition
Males and females of approx. equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
Liking those that show they like you
Term
Companionate Love
Definition
Warn, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own
Term
Passionate Love
Definition
Complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings, and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion
Term
Divisions of Companionate Love
Definition
Intimacy - warmth, closeness and sharing in a relationship

Commitment - intent to maintain a relationship in spite of difficulties and costs that may arise
Term
Attitudes
Definition
Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought
*Includes 3 components
- Cognitive (beliefs)
- Affective (emotions)
- Behavioural (predisposition to act)
Term
Learned Theory
Definition
Affective component can be created through classical condition conditioning
- Operant conditioning and observational learning
Term
Dissonance Theory
Definition
When related cognitions are inconsistent (contradict each other)
*People sometimes believe their own lies
Term
Self Perception Theory
Definition
People often infer attitudes from their own behaviour because they want to reduce tension caused by inconsistency in cognition
*"If it is said, it must be true"
Term
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Definition
2 basic routes to persuasion
- Central route (content and logic of message) and peripheral route (non-message factors, attractiveness)
Term
Conformity
Definition
When people yield to real or imagine social pressure
Term
Obedience
Definition
Form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
Term
Bystander Effect
Definition
People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves
Term
Group Polarization
Definition
Occurs when discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction
Term
Groupthink
Definition
When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision
Term
Group Cohesiveness
Definition
Strengths of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and the group itself
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