Shared Flashcard Set

Details

intro psych final
final
142
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
05/04/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
language
Definition
a set of symbols used to communicate via production and comprehension of vocalizations and gestures.
Term
phonemes (building block of language)
Definition
a single sound.
thought of as the element or simplest form of speech.
Term
morphemes (building block of language)
Definition
a single word.
Term
semantics (building block of language)
Definition
meanings from particular words
Term
syntax (building block of language)
Definition
how to form sentences.
Term
biological based theory about language development
Definition
kicks in at about 2 months old.
we have a based acquisition device that can't be found in a person, but it is there to make you start talking.
Term
interactive based theory for language development
Definition
where biological and experience work in concert to enhance and guide language development.
environment aids in learning a language.
Term
language differences
Definition
environments and individual skills lead to language differences.
girls talk earlier and have more language skills than boys.
language acquisition is easier for children than adults.
Term
mental imagery
Definition
seeing something and putting a word to it.
Term
spatial navigation
Definition
know area around you without thinking about it
Term
linguistic relativity hypothesis
Definition
learning some words of a language and the basic mechanics of it can tell you a lot about the culture.
ex - Nords and 300 words for snow
Term
thought
Definition
the processes that involve the act of thinking, how we solve problems, make decisions, and think about our own thoughts.
Term
cognitive control of thoughts
Definition
the ability to direct thought and action in accordance with one's intention.
develops in childhood with impulse driven decision making, and then becomes more sophisticated.
Term
steps to problem solving
Definition
1.define the problem - current state of affairs (CSA) and desired state of affairs (DSA)
2.identify the strategy(ies) for finding the solution - heuristics, algorithm, or insight.
Term
heuristics
Definition
a rule of thumb that may provide a shortcut to solving a problem.
Term
algorithm
Definition
step by step problem solving strat.
Term
insight problem solving
Definition
effortless problem solving.
Term
limited strat. exploration
Definition
applying past problem solving strats to new problems b/c they worked in the past.
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
viewing objects as only serving their main function and none other.
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
going with first solution that fits instead of the best-fitting solution.
Term
representative heuristics for decision making
Definition
ex-thinking of a librarian as always being quiet and needing structure.
Term
availability heuristics for decision making
Definition
think of first few things that makes you think you have the answer.
Term
anchoring
Definition
settling in 1 spot.
ex-don't know how much a field pays, but u ask low b/c u don't know the real amount.
Term
framing
Definition
putting a positive or negative spin on something.
humans like positive things and dislike negative things by default.
Term
prospect theory
Definition
things that have a high probability you think will happen, and things with low prob. you think won't happen, despite there still being equal chances for either.
Term
rational decision making
Definition
making a decision with limited info.
Term
metacognition
Definition
involves thinking about the source of our info.
Term
OCD
Definition
anxiety makes someone do things or else it will bother them. if person doesn't do their thing then they may get agitated or anxious
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
thinking process is interrupted b/c having many thought at once.
also has auditory or visual hallucinations.
other senses can be impacted as well.
Term
instinct motivation theory
Definition
drives that you have biologically.
ex-being hungry drives you to eat food.
Term
drive reduction theory
Definition
we try to maintain a balance with everything
ex-being hot makes us sweat so that we cool down.
Term
arousal theory
Definition
we are motivated to a goal if there is a challenge involved.
Term
incentive theory
Definition
incentives are external motivators.
ex-mowing lawn for $5
Term
abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
5 lvls- top is self-actualization
can't move up in pyramid until all parts of the current lvl are satisfied and maintained.
Term
ERG model
Definition
existence related growth - more flexible than Maslow's hierarchy.
Term
hunger motivations
Definition
derived from feelings of how full our stomachs are, and the lvls of food chemicals circulating in the bloodstream.
Term
anorexia
Definition
not eating.
1 in 50 young women in USA DON'T show signs of anorexia.
Term
biological motivations in women for sex
Definition
respond more to tactile and verbal stimuli (physical contact and verbal communication)
Term
biological motivations in men for sex
Definition
respond more to visual stimuli
Term
kinsey on sexual orientation
Definition
viewed on a continuum where it is influenced by genes, hormones, and brain structure.
nobody is strictly homo or heterosexual.
Term
affiliation
Definition
belongingness. member of a grp of others like ourselves. an essential psychological need.
those who don't belong show signs of depression.
Term
achievement
Definition
desire to succeed, working towards goal achievement.
not just about drive, but also about success.
Term
self-determination theory
Definition
push yourself to achieve goals.
Term
over-achievement problems
Definition
if you don't succeed, you feel depressed, anxious, and self-critical.
might resort to unethical tactics to succeed.
believe that if you work harder, then you don't have to deal with the bad side to things.
can also be hyper-critical of others.
will make unattainable goals, and will become tempered when not met.
Term
"helicopter" or "hover" parent
Definition
parents that are overprotective and way too involved in their child's life
Term
delayed gratification
Definition
ex-marshmallow test in which the child was rewarded with another marshmallow for waiting and not eating the initial one.
Term
collectivist achievement
Definition
achievement for one is an achievement for the grp
Term
individualistic achievement
Definition
"i did it"
don't take others that helped into account.
Term
physiological component of emotions
Definition
not controlled
heart racing, blood pumping, etc.
Term
behavioral component of emotions
Definition
laugh, shake, etc. - top-down processing
Term
cognitive component of emotions
Definition
The aspects which require you to use thought skills and process an introspective view on the situation.
Term
top-down processing
Definition
have to think about something.
motor control and directed attention.
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
done quickly. relies on sensory info.
Term
emotions
Definition
an individual state that occurs in response to external or internal events.
Term
james-lange theory of emotions
Definition
1. you have a sensation of something in the environment (bottom-up)
2.physiological behavior
3.cognitive understanding
Term
cannon-bard theory
Definition
an event happens, and thalamus and brain activity work simultaneously - thalamus is sympathetic nervous system.
Term
schachter and singer's 2 factor theory
Definition
physiological response that evokes emotions, and then you have a cognitive understanding of it, and then you know what emotion is being applied.
ex-why is my heart beating fast? Oh, I'm anxious.)
Term
facial feedback (darwin)
Definition
basic human emotions are shown by muscle movement in face to show happiness, sadness, etc.
Term
evolutionary theory (darwin)
Definition
emotions are a part of the evolution of human beings - they are universal b/c they needed them for survival.
Term
basic human emotions
Definition
anger, disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise
Term
lewis' cognitive theory of emotional development
Definition
2-3 months - show anger and disgust
7-8 months - fear is shown
8-9 months - able to understand your own voice and exhibit anger.
18-24 months - self-awareness, can show empathy, embarrassment, and jealousy.
2-3 years - pride, shame, and guilt.
Term
izard's differential emotions theory
Definition
emotions stem from attachment to primary caregiver, and there is a "spark" of emotions and exploratory behavior.
an array of emotions are learned at once, and there are no milestones
Term
patterns of emotionality
Definition
the clarity, attention paid to emotions, and intensity of the emotions.
Term
hot emotional style
Definition
high intensity, clarity, and attention
Term
cool emotional style
Definition
low intensity, clarity, and attention
Term
overwhelmed emotional style
Definition
high intensity, low clarity and attention
Term
cerebral emotional style
Definition
high clarity, low intensity and attention
Term
emotional regulation
Definition
temperament (how you handle things), stressors, family, and social models influence emotional perceptions and experiences.
Term
gender differences in emotion
Definition
women experience and express emotion with more intensity.
men look "weird" if showing too much emotion.
Term
cultures differences in emotions
Definition
there are none b/c every person is different by themselves.
Term
hyper-vigilant emotional disorder
Definition
over attention and constant monitoring of emotions.
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
inability to care for others or too little emotions.
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
usually go to normal levels of happy, but will stay in depression for long periods of time.
Term
personality
Definition
the unique characteristics that account for our enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior
Term
psychoanalytic approach to personality
Definition
freud.
viewed unconscious motivations and sexual needs as primary determinants of personality development.
Term
id
Definition
all about pleasure and basic wants.
Term
ego
Definition
gives us a reality complex and a way to navigate between the id and superego.
Term
superego
Definition
reflects family and community beliefs.
Where your conscious and morals are.
Term
5 psychosexual stages (only know first 3)
Definition
1. oral - putting everything in your mouth
2. anal - learning to control bowels
3. phallic - all about Oedipus complex
Term
adler's view on personality
Definition
viewed social needs and conscious thoughts as determinants for personality development.
examined how feelings of inferiority motivated behaviors, and how one can work to better themselves.
Term
jung's view on personality
Definition
viewed the unconscious as a key factor in personality development.
archetypes are symbols that appear throughout the stories of a culture.
Term
horney's view on personality
Definition
believed that issues encountered in childhood shape adult personality, particularly childhood anxiety left unresolved can lead to adult neurosis.
believed that culture influenced personality development.
Term
rogers' view on personality
Definition
believed that human nature is fundamentally positive.
self-concept remains constant.
unconditional positive regard.
Term
personality traits
Definition
our tendencies to behave in and act certain ways that are consistent across situations.
traits describe our general dispositions that lead to behaviors.
Term
gender differences in personality
Definition
women can assess emotions in others better than men, but men are better at individuality traits.
aggression is higher in men, and both genders have attitude differences towards sex.
Term
cultural differences in personality
Definition
collectivist cultures score higher on measures of agreeableness.
individualist cultures score higher on extraversion and openness dimensions.
collectivists value interpersonal harmony, and individualists focus on personal freedom and privacy.
Term
abnormal behaviors
Definition
non-normative behaviors that interfere with functioning, causes distress, and causes danger to self, others, or property.
Term
diagnostic for personality disorders
Definition
axis 1-5 goes from primary issues at one to how well a person functions at 5.
Term
elements of therapy
Definition
the client, the therapist, and the series of contacts between the two people (frequency of meetings, etc.)
Term
neuroscience abnormality model
Definition
abnormalities result from malfunctioning brain that is treated with medicine, electrotherapy, surgery (lobotomy), and used for long-term.
Term
electric convulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
electricity is localized, and it aids in helping people not go as "low" as before when depression hits.
Term
psychodynamic (non-medical) abnormality model
Definition
behavior comes from unconscious internal processes and conflicts.
provides insight into how conflicts give rise to abnormal behavior, but hasn't been proven to be effective in long-term.
Term
client catharsis
Definition
used in psychodynamic abnormality model.
helps someone get past their emotional wall.
Term
behavior for abnormality model
Definition
abnormal behavior is learned from either classical learning or operant conditioning.
Term
aversion therapy
Definition
associate a behavior with something you don't like so that you stop it.
Term
modeling therapy for behavior
Definition
a person sees someone successful who was in their position, so they might follow in the successful person's path.
Term
cognitive model for behavior
Definition
pavlov, and watson and skinner.
abnormal behavior results from maladaptive attitudes, upsetting thought, and illogical thought processes.
goal is to change faulty thought processes.
Term
humanistic existential model
Definition
maslow and rogers.
focus is on the broader dimensions of human existence - unconditional positive regard is key.
use client-centered therapy to create a positive environment for clients to look at themselves honestly.
Term
different types of therapy
Definition
individual, group, family, couple/marital, and community (living in a structured environment)
Term
attitude
Definition
relatively stable and enduring.
consist of ABC's.
used to predict behaviors.
Term
ABC's of attitude
Definition
affective
behavioral - how to act
cognitive - how to think
Term
persuasion
Definition
the act of persuading or a state of being persuaded.
shifting someone's ABC's.
Term
central route persuasion
Definition
the content of a message, using facts and logical arguments
Term
peripheral route persuasion
Definition
the use of more subtle, less specific/more superficial info.
ex - marketing
Term
foot in the door persuasion
Definition
someone gives in to a small request, and then they ask for more and more afterwards.
Term
door in the face persuasion
Definition
ask for something outrageous that you won't get, then you ask for what you really want and it is easier to get.
Term
fear appeal persuasion
Definition
if you don't get something, then bad things will happen.
how ADT sells security systems.
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
do it when behavior or actions isn't feeling right.
think about the options.
Term
self-perception theory of social psych.
Definition
not sure what you think, but an action you do helps you pick a side.
Term
stereotypes
Definition
generalized impressions about people or grps of people based on the social category they occupy.
Do this b/c we can't analyze everyone.
Term
prejudice
Definition
negative attitudes towards individuals from another grp, either overt or subtle negatives.
Term
realistic conflict theory for prejudice
Definition
hatred based on historical conflicts
Term
social identity theory for prejudice
Definition
one grp will look down on another grp as inferior
Term
attributions
Definition
our causal explanations of what happens in the world.
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
people's actions are who they are, but you have a reason for yourself.
Term
actor-observer bias
Definition
other ppl are described in 1-2 sentences, but when describing yourself it is a lot more complex.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
we don't give ppl a lot of background when we do think about them.
ex-person is driving fast b/c they must be late, but they wouldn't be late if they weren't so stupid.
Term
norms in social psych
Definition
the rules and conventions of a society that dictate how we're supposed to act
Term
descriptive norms
Definition
golden rule, respect elders, etc.
things you are supposed to do.
Term
injunctive norms
Definition
things you ought to do.
up a notch from descriptive norms; be all you can be.
Term
social role
Definition
that set of norms ascribed to a person's social position.
may be based on how we think we are supposed to act in certain roles, not just what others think about the role.
Term
conformity
Definition
the tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure.
Term
obedience
Definition
when individuals follow the direct commands of a perceived authority figure.
ex - milgram experiment with fake shock
Term
obedience to authority
Definition
ppl are inclined to obey authority, but several factors mitigate this obedience
Term
factors that mitigate obedience
Definition
presence of one other person who refuses to comply.
obviousness/salience of the victim's suffering/discomfort.
proximity (distance) to the victim.
Term
conjunctive task
Definition
the grp can only go as fast as the weakest link.
Term
single task
Definition
uneven distribution of work.
a specialist will get more work b/c they are better at a certain part.
Term
visible task
Definition
each task is necessary to the overall goal, but they all don't fit or play together.
Term
social loafing
Definition
when there is a grp project and 1 person doesn't want to do work, the other will pick up the slack to avoid conflict.
Term
group think
Definition
when boundaries of grp is inflexible, and a goal has to be met, different ideas aren't measures and challenged.
Term
5 steps to helping
Definition
1.notice event
2.correctly interpret event as an emergency.
3.decide that you have to help.
4.determine what type of help is needed.
5.act to help
Term
aggression
Definition
behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being.
Term
drive theory of aggression
Definition
act out b/c of 1 thing.
ex - child is annoying so you hit it
Term
general aggression theory
Definition
aggression builds up from multiple events, and then an outlet occurs on someone/something else
Term
temperature effect on aggression
Definition
temp shows no signs of increased aggression (heat).
Term
passionate love
Definition
can't get enough of a person, very intense, but not long-lasting.
Term
companionate love
Definition
love based on mutual interests, attractions, etc.
sign of a long-term relationship.
Term
unrequited love
Definition
one person loves another, but the feeling isn't mutual.
Term
stress
Definition
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, or stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Term
lazerous model for stress
Definition
event--->threat---->stressed behaviors, distraction
event--->challenge-->aroused and focused.
Term
personality types for handling stress
Definition
A-difficult to manage stress
B-manages stress easier than A
C-unable to tell if they are stressed (problematic)
Term
general adaptation syndrome to stress
Definition
at first stress is detected, and then high resistance for a long time, and then crash after a while where a breakdown occurs.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!