Details Title: Intro Arch Exam 1 Description: Terms, People, Questions Total Flash Cards: 37 Created: 09/29/2009 23:20:55		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Archaeology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Archbishop Ussher Definition Created chronology using generation lists of the bible and modern history, dating creation of world to Oct. 23, 4004 BC. Term Thomsen and Worsaae Definition Thomsen: curator, Danish Museum of Antiquities, arranged exhibits according to stone age, bronze age, iron age chronology, the three-age system Worsaae: excavated burial mounds to confirm that stone tools were found under bronze were found under iron--verified three age system Term Thomas Jefferson Definition Responsible for first science excavation in America, excavated burial mound on property, recorded findings very carefully, pioneered use of stratigraphy, verified that mound was built by Native Americans Term Sir William Flinders Petrie Definition Major figure in development of scientific archaeology, stressed: recovery of all items total recording of excavations sequence dating schools to train professionals full publication Term General Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers Definition Major figure in development of scientific archaeology, stressed: recovery of all items total recording of excavations sequence dating schools to train professionals full publication Term Michael Mercati Definition One of first to recognize that stone tools were the work of ancient humans, not fairies or lightning Term James Hutton Definition Creator of uniformitarianism, belief that modern day geologic processes were responsible for forming modern earth over long periods of time Term Charles Lyell Definition Creator of uniformitarianism, belief that modern day geologic processes were responsible for forming modern earth over long periods of time Term Jacques Boucher de Perthes Definition French version of John Frere, provided first evidence that flint tools and extinct animal bones found 12ft below surface were associated Term William Dugdale Definition Identified hand axes as the work of early Britons Term Sir John Lubbock Definition Author of Prehistoric Times, named: Paleolithic: "Old Stone," first evidence of human behavior, chipped or flaked stone, percussion methods Neolithic: "New Stone," grinding, polishing, and pecking stones, grinding basins, etc. Term Lewis Henry Morgan Definition Creator of unilinear developmental stages for societies: savagery, barbarism, civilization, all societies at some point along this path Term John Frere Definition Published and convinced scholars of association b/w extinct animal bones and flint tools found 12ft below ground Term Franz Boas Definition American anthropologist who rejected Morgan's unilinear theory, saw need for collecting large amounts of well-controlled data to reconstruct each society's individual cultural history Term Uniformitarianism Definition Principle that geologically ancient conditions were essentially similar to our own, implied that humans must be older than previously thought Term Wolff's Law Definition Bone in healthy human will remodel according to loads and stresses the person experiences Term Chaine operatoire Definition Looking at stone tools as a series of operations to identify the choice made at each step of acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition Term In Situ Definition In place, artifacts still where they were originally deposited Term Provenance (provenience) Definition 3D location of artifact, ecofact, or feature Term Association Definition Relationship b/w 2 or more archaeological finds in same matrix Term Context Definition Evaluation of provenience, matrix, and association Term Earliest lithics Definition Gona river, Ethiopia, about 2.5 mya Term Stratigraphy Definition Determination of chronology by relative depth of artifact, using law of superposition and context Term Oldowan Definition Early choppers and cleavers from Gona valley, Ethiopia Term Debitage Definition Workshop debris Term MNI/NISP Definition Minimum Number of Individuals, counts best represented skeletal element Number of Identified Specimens, counts each fragment as individual specimen Term Kansyore Definition Kenyan hunter gathering society known for pottery Term Ugunja, Siror, Haa Definition Sites in Kenya with Kansyore pottery Term Schlepp Effect Definition Selective transport, ie: hunters kill whole elephant, but only transport useful parts back to village Term Law of Superposition Definition Deeper sediments are older, shallower sediments are more recent Term Catastrophism Definition Contrary to uniformitarianism, belief that world was shaped by sudden, violent events sometimes worldwide in scope, that explain modern features Term Transformational processes Definition Happen after deposition, may be: Cultural: things that happen because of human activities (looting, plowing, trampling) Natural: physical (erosion, wind), chemical (weathering, rust), or biological (decay) Term Behavioral processes Definition 4 stages responsible for creating archaeological record: Acquisition: get materials Manufacture: make tool from materials Use: use tool, traces of wear Deposition: dispose of tool accidentally or on purpose Term Archaeological stages Definition Divided broadly on archaeological changes Paleolithic--chipped stone Neolithic--change in technology Plieocene--5-1.8 million years ago Pleistocene--1.8-10,000 years ago Holocene--10,000 years ago to present Term Geological Epochs Definition Relates strata to chronology Term Epiphysis Definition Rounded end of a long bone, fusion is age indicator Term Ergot Definition Fungus that grows on barley that may be responsible for Salem Witch Hunts