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international finance
international finance
26
Economics
Undergraduate 2
07/19/2014

Additional Economics Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Current Account =
Definition
Exports – Imports + net unilateral transfers
Term
Merchandise trade balance =
Definition
Value of Exports – Value of Imports.
Plus = surplus
Minus = deficit (U.S. between 1990 and 2010)
Term
Net unilateral transfers abroad =
Definition
direct payments from U.S. to other countries. Supplies $/ demands foreign currency. Reverse from foreign countries to U.S.
Term
Balance of Payments
Definition
Money value of all transactions between residents of one country and residents of all other countries
Foreign exchange market – where currencies of different countries are exchanged
Imports are debit transaction. Supplies U.S. currency in foreign exchange market. Demand for $ decreased. Negative impact on Trade Balance
Exports are credit transaction. Foreigners must exchange own country’s currency for dollars. Demand for dollars increases. Plus to balance of payments
Term
Imports are debit transaction. Supplies U.S. currency in foreign exchange market
Definition
. Demand for $ decreased. Negative impact on Trade Balance
Term
Exports are credit transaction. Foreigners must exchange own country’s currency for dollars.
Definition
Demand for dollars increases. Plus to balance of payments
Term
Capital Account:
Definition
Outflows of U.S. Capital and loans to foreigners (increase demand for foreign currency and supply of U.S. currency on the FX market). Debit. +
Inflows of foreign capital and foreign loans to Americans (increases demand for U.S. $). Credit
Term
Official Reserve Account
Definition
– reserve balances made up of: foreign currencies, gold, reserves in the IMF, SDR’s
Term
Official Reserve Account
Definition
Countries with deficit in current and capital accounts can access
+ reserve balances = outflow of capital / debit
- reserve balances = inflow / credit
Term
Official Reserve Account
SDR’s –
Definition
international money used to settle international accounts
Term
Balance of Payments Summary
Definition
Current Account
Capital Account
Official Reserve Balance
Statistical Discrepancy
Term
International Monetary Fund
Definition
international organization that oversees international monetary syste
Holds currency reserves for member nations
Makes loans to central banks
m
Term
Foreign Exchange Market
Definition
Market for exchanging currencies between countries.
Exchange rates = price of a currency in terms of another
Import transaction : supply dollars ; Buy pesos
Dollar price per peso decreases then Americans buy more pesos (imports increase).
Dollar price per peso increases. Americans buy fewer pesos (Imports decrease)
Term
Flexible Exchange Rates
Definition
Supply & Demand for currency determines equilibrium exchange
Factors that determine exchange rates:
Difference in income growth rates
Relative inflation rates
Changes in real interest rates
Term
Factors that determine exchange rates:
Definition
Difference in income growth rates
Relative inflation rates
Changes in real interest rates
Term
Fixed Exchange Rates
Definition
Nations’ central banks determine exchange rates
Price below equilibrium. Shortage
Term
What is so bad about overvalued $?
Definition
Makes U.S. exports more expensive/ reduces sales/ impacts trade balance
Term
Fixed Exchange Rates
Options under fixed exchange rate:
Definition
Devaluation – official price lowered
Revaluation – official price increased.
Deficits/ overvalued currencies can lead to trade restrictions
Monetary policy can be used to support exchange rate
Term
Gold Standard
Definition
Automatically fixes exchange rates
Gold standard requires that countries:
Set currency value in terms of gold
Convert currency to gold if requested
Ties money supply to gold holdings
Settle deficits between countries in gold
Term
Case for Fixed Exchange Rates
Definition
Promotes trade due by eliminating exchange rate uncertainties
Term
Case for Flexible Exchange Rates
Definition
Takes monetary policy out of exchange rate management
Fixed rates can be widely divergent from equilibrium rates and disrupt trade
Term
Optimal Currency area - European Union (25 countries
Definition
Trade and labor mobility – balances economies
Eliminates exchange rate expense/ complications
Term
Current International Monetary System
Definition
Managed float – nations now and then intervene to adjust official reserve balances to moderate rate swings
Pluses:
Nations can pursue independent monetary policies
Resolves trade problems w/o restrictions
Countries can pursue independent monetary policies
Flexible
Minuses:
Promotes volatility and uncertainty
Promotes inflation
Takes a long time to adjust
Term
Managed float –
Definition
nations now and then intervene to adjust official reserve balances to moderate rate swings
Term
Pluses:
Definition
Nations can pursue independent monetary policies
Resolves trade problems w/o restrictions
Countries can pursue independent monetary policies
Flexible
Term
Minuses
Definition
Promotes volatility and uncertainty
Promotes inflation
Takes a long time to adjust.
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