Term
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Definition
| one of three periods of globalization; it lasted from 1492 to 1800 and was characterized by mercantilism and colonialism |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three periods of globalization; it lasted from 1800 to 1950 and was characterized by the emergence of multinational corporations and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three periods of globalization; it started in the second half of the twentieth century and continues into the twenty- first and is characterized by the flattening of the global playing field and reliance on the knowledge economy more than on military power |
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Term
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Definition
| British hegemony before World War I during the second period of globalization |
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Term
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Definition
| American hegemony after World War II during the third period of globalization |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic philosophy that holds that the central objective of a state's policy is to increase the state's wealth relative to that of other states and to pursue that economic development independently, in a zero sum struggle for material advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic policy based on high tariffs; named after seventeenth century Frenchman Jean Baptiste Colbert. |
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Term
| hegemonic stability theory |
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Definition
| the theory that a hegemonic power is necessary to support a highly integrated world economy |
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Term
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Definition
| states that allow another to pay the cost of a particular transaction while at the same time receiving the benefits of that state's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| offers made be a hegemon (bribes) to get smaller nations to cooperate |
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Term
| unilateral trade liberalization |
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Definition
| one country's lowering or elimination of tariffs without asking other countries to reciprocate |
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Term
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Definition
| a pre-World War I system of international payments based on gold, which was fixed in price with respect to local currencies |
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Term
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Definition
| trade between separate industries, such as manufactures goods for agricultural materials |
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Term
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Definition
| trade of component parts within the same industry |
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Term
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Definition
| large fines in the form of payments levied against an aggressors to help rebuild nations affected by war |
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Term
| beggar thy- neighbor policies |
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Definition
| competitive economic policies to reduce imports by raising tariffs and to increase exports by lowering the value of currencies, with the net result that global markets shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| quantitative limits on imports or exports regardless of price |
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Term
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Definition
| the fixed exchange rate system established by Bretton Woods, that pegged the US dollar to gold and other currencies to the dollar |
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Term
| multilateral trade liberalization |
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Definition
| a Pax Americana trade system in which nations negotiate reciprocal tariff reductions rather than one nation reducing tariffs unilaterally |
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Term
| most- favored- nation principle |
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Definition
| the principle in trade agreements by which nations that negotiate tariff reductions offer the same low tariff to all nations that they offer to the most- favored nation, meaning the nation that pays the lowest tariffs |
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Term
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Definition
| a predecessor to European integration in the 1950s that allowed European countries to settle their import and export accounts first with one another and then with the United States, thus discriminating against the US imports and exports |
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Term
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
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Definition
| a cartel of the oil- producing states formed in the 1960s; led by the major Middle East oil- reserve countries |
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Term
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Definition
| the seven major western oil companies of the twentieth century that controlled most of the production and distribution of Middle East oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| originally a collection of seventy- seven developing countries, organized to champion cartels and the regulation of other world resource markets |
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Term
| New International Economic Order (NIEO) |
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Definition
| A set of economic proposals put forward in the 1970s by the Group of 77 developing nations that challenged the Bretton Woods system |
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Term
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Definition
| starting in 1975, an annual process of economic summits among the heads of state and governments of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and, after 1976, Canada and Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| slow growth accompanied by high inflation |
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Term
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Definition
| the recycling by private banks in Europe and the United States of dollars deposited by oil exporters through loans to oil- importing countries |
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Term
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Definition
| the economic model based on the idea of comparative advantage, calling for a country to reduce tariffs and specialize in products that it produces most efficiently while importing products that other countries produce more efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| the economic theory that says, if each nation or individual acts in its own best economic interest, the common good will be served |
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Term
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Definition
| the Bretton Woods economic institution that supervised multilateral trade negotiations to reduce trade barriers |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Definition
| the international economic institution that supervised the exchange rate system, provides external loans to countries undergoing balance of payment adjustments, and reviews domestic policies in member countries |
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Term
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Definition
| the international economic institution set up to provide long- term financing for infrastructure development and basic human needs such as health and education; originally called the international bank for reconstruction and development |
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Term
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Definition
| the US post- world war II economic plan that provided loans for the reconstruction of war- torn economies in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that, once interdependence starts down a certain path in one sector such as trade, it creates issues that can be resolved only by extending interdependence to other sectors such as finance |
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Term
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Definition
| the latest stage of technological revolution that transforms the world economy through communications, digitization, and software management of data and voice transactions |
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Term
| sensitivity interdependence |
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Definition
| situation in which a country is affected economically or politically by what happens in other parts of the world, whether it is directly involved or not |
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Term
| vulnerability interdependence |
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Definition
| situation in which a country is put at risk if interdependence is cut and it can no longer get resources or capital from external sources |
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Term
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Definition
| a dense network of interconnections emphasizing horizontal rather than vertical relationships that benefits more and more countries but also exposes them to more and more risks |
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Term
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Definition
| the Reformation idea, formulated by sociologist Max Weber, that each individual lives out God's will in a specific vocation and demonstrates his or her faith in the works of his or her vocation an idea that ultimately justifies the rational pursuit of wealth |
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Term
| classical economic liberalism |
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Definition
| an economic orientation that holds that parties have a right to own property and exchange goods in a relatively free competitive marketplace without violence and coercion |
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Term
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Definition
| the costs associated with using the same resources to produce one product compared to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach of assisting domestic industries to catch up with and compete with more advanced foreign industries through protectionism, high tariffs, and subsidies |
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Term
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Definition
| big government policies that call for strong labor unions to match big corporations as well as state regulations and ownership to control substantial sectors of the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic model that calls for more activist government intervention to stimulate domestic growth, protect imports, and adjust exchange rates more frequently |
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Term
| Chicago School of Economics |
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Definition
| an economical model that allows for fiscal and monetary policies to manage domestic demand, but sharply limits government spending and taxation and seeks to reduce tariffs and maintain relatively stable exchange rates to ensure more competitive and, hence, efficient domestic and international markets |
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Term
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Definition
| an interpretation of the Bretton Woods system that held that governments accepted the discipline of free trade and relatively stable exchange rates in the international economy in return for "embedding" these liberal commitments in domestic government policies to intervene extensively to achieve full employment, control prices, and prevent disruptive capital flows |
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Term
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Definition
| an interpretation of the Bretton Woods system that held that an international system of relatively free trade and fixed exchange rates effectively limited the ability of governments to intervene in the domestic economy because such intervention would ultimately contravene commitments to keep markets open, inflation down, and exchange rates stable |
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Term
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Definition
| economists who favor accepting some government intervention in the domestic economy to achieve high, but not necessarily full, employment while still favoring the classical market policies of low inflation and sound money, deregulated or flexible labor and capital markets, and open international trade |
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Term
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Definition
| economists who favor more extensive government intervention to achieve full, not just high, employment an dare less averse to inflation, price controls, or other forms of government intervention in the domestic economy |
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Term
| tax cut and deregulation movement |
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Definition
| a set of policies advocated by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan that drove up interest rates to kill inflation, reduced taxes and deregulated markets to restructure investment incentives, and liberalized trade and capital markets to spur efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| an agreement imposing direct quotas on the imports of textiles and apparel |
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Term
| voluntary export restraints |
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Definition
| agreements in which exporting countries "voluntarily" (actually under pressure) agreed to limit exports of specific products |
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Term
| newly industrializing countries |
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Definition
| another term for the Asian tigers (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and later Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Chile, among others); the term focuses on their use of manufacturing to develop |
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Term
| newly exporting countries |
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Definition
| another term for the Asian tigers that focuses on their use of exports to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| trade policies that rely on competitive advantage through government targeting of technology and capital, rather than comparative advantage derived from fixed land, labor, or raw material resources to enter markets first and eventually dominate them where the economies of scale are so large that only one firm or country can make a profit |
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Term
| national industry champions |
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Definition
| industries that are protected and subsidized by the state so as to dominate home markets and gain an edge in world markets |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic approach that calls for smaller- scale development that works in harmony with resource, population, land, and environmental constraints |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy movement in the 1990s advocating market- oriented ideas for developing nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| policies affecting a government's budget; when revenues exceed expenditures, the budget surplus restrains the domestic economy; when expenditures exceed revenues , the budget deficit stimulates the domestic economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| policies affecting a government's budget; when revenues exceed expenditures, the budget surplus restrains the domestic economy; when expenditures exceed revenues , the budget deficit stimulates the domestic economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| policies that affect the prices of goods and services when they cross borders by either taxing or subsidizing the price or retraining the quantity of those goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| the net border flows of goods and services, along with government transfers and net income on capital investments |
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Term
| savings and investment policies |
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Definition
| domestic economic policies that influence savings and investments |
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Term
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Definition
| the net flows of capital, both portfolio and foreign direct investment, into and out of a country |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers of money to buy stocks, bonds, and so on |
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Term
| foreign direct investments |
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Definition
| capital flows involving the acquisition or construction of manufacturing plants and other facilities to a foreign country |
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Term
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Definition
| a country's current and capital account balances plus reserves and statistical errors |
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Term
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Definition
| government policies usually taking the form of regulations, subsidies, price controls, competition or antitrust policies, and labor laws that apply to a specific sector, industry, or firm in the domestic economy as a whole as in the case of macroeconomic policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| policies affecting the price of one country's currency in relation to another country's currency |
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Term
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Definition
| government policies that seek to control the money supply and affect the economy as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| fiscal and monetary policies that affect the domestic economy as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| a country's ports, roads, electric power, and other basic facilities that provide the framework its economy |
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Term
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Definition
| the domestic institutions and policies that govern the local economy |
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Term
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Definition
| the various international institutions and great power groups that help govern the global economy |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to international economic cooperation in which countries act first to fix their problems at home and then, if successful, push other countries toward compatible policies abroad |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to international economic cooperation in which countries agree first on common international policies and then change their separate national policies to conform to international agreements |
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Term
| behind-the-border policies |
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Definition
| domestic economic policies that affect all domestic goods, services, capital, and labor, whether traded or not |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign economic policies that affect goods, services, capital, and people only as they cross national boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the net amount that a country has to borrow from abroad when it imports more than it exports |
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Term
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Definition
| the net amount that a country lends out to other countries when it exports more than it imports |
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Term
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Definition
| a requirement by the IMF that, in exchange for balance of payment assistance, a country alter its policies to correct its balance of payment deficit |
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Term
| fixed exchange rate system |
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Definition
| a system in which governments fix exchange rates to gold, another currency, or a basket of currencies |
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Term
| purchasing power parity exchange rates |
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Definition
| exchange rates that adjust for the local purchasing power of currencies recognizing that prices and generally lower in a developing than developed country |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange rates that are not fixed but are kept within certain ranges or go up and down gradually by governments intervening in exchange markets |
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Term
| exchange market intervention |
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Definition
| the buying or selling by a government's central bank of its own currency in large quantities hoping to affect the currency's market price |
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Term
|
Definition
| central bank action to offset the increase or decrease of local currency in circulation caused by interventions to affect exchange rates |
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Term
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Definition
| taxes on goods and services crossing borders |
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Term
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Definition
| charges added to the import price of goods |
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Term
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Definition
| taxes levied on exported goods, perhaps in order to keep products that are in short supply at home |
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Term
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Definition
| reductions on the price of exported products |
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Term
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Definition
| policy instruments other than price, such as quotas and qualitative restrictions, designed to limit or regulate imports and exports |
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Term
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Definition
| trade policies that effectively reduce imports or exports to zero |
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Term
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Definition
| restrictions on traded products to protect safety, health, labor standards, and the environment |
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Term
| trade- related investment measures |
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Definition
| the policies of a country that require foreign companies, before they can invest in the country, to share their technology to help local suppliers reach international standards |
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Term
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Definition
| the treatment of foreign firms on the same terms as local firms |
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Term
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Definition
| investments of less than a year, typically volatile |
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Term
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Definition
| investments of more than a year, typically less volatile than short- term investments |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of peoples across national boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| standards that are established for health, safety, labor, and the environment that apply to all domestic, including traded, products through various qualitative restrictions |
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Term
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Definition
| grants and loans at below-market interest rates |
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Term
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Definition
| microeconomic policies designed to keep prices down |
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Term
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Definition
| microeconomic policies designed to keep prices up |
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Term
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Definition
| policies that deal with monopolies by authorizing, deregulating, or privatizing them |
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Term
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Definition
| microeconomic policies that set minimum wages and working conditions for factory and other workers |
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Term
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Definition
| the prerequisite for a stable domestic economy that a government not be engulfed in civil or guerrilla war |
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Term
| predictable domestic politics |
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Definition
| the prerequisite for a stable domestic economy that a government not be run by a weak or unstable coalitions or experience frequent changes in leadership and policies |
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Term
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Definition
| violations of the rule of law on the part of the government officials that divert public resources to private gain and create an unpredictable investment climate |
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Term
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Definition
the regional or global struggle for relative power and geopolitics through economic competition.
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship in which two countries can produce more goods from the same resources if they specialize and trade products rather than produce them separately. |
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Term
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Definition
| a country can produce most or all products more efficiently than another country. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative costs associated with using resources to produce alternative products. |
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Term
| national security export controls |
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Definition
| limitations on the trade of military and dual- use (having both commercial and military applications) products and technology |
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Term
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Definition
| developing industries that require protection to get started |
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Term
| import substitution policies |
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Definition
| policies developed in Latin America that substitute domestic industries for imports |
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Term
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Definition
| the larger the amount of a good that is produced, the lower the cost of production |
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Term
|
Definition
| trade policies that rely on competitive advantage through government targeting of technology and capital, rather that comparative advantage derived from fixed land, labor, or raw material resources, and that emphasize getting into markets first and eventually dominating them when economies of scale are so large that only one firm or country can make a profit |
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Term
|
Definition
| a firm's dominating a market and setting prices above what the market would ordinarily permit because of lack of market competition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a trade advantage created by government intervention to exploit monopoly rents in strategic industries |
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Term
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Definition
| money invested by the government or government- directed banks over the long term to develop dominant industries for the future; common in Japan and other Asian economies |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that over time trade will not only equalize the prices for products from different countries but also the prices for labor and other inputs or factors of production |
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Term
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Definition
| trade by a firm or government that violates an international trade agreement or trade practices by a firm or government not covered by agreements and that are unjustifiable, unreasonable, and discriminatory. |
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Term
| multilateral trade rounds |
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Definition
| trade negotiations in which multiple countries participate and reduce trade barriers simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| the sixth round of trade talks under which across- the- board trade negotiations took place, reducing tariffs by an average of 35 percent; this was the first round of talks in which EC countries negotiated as a group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| countries that produce a great deal more of a product than other countries; a criterion for negotiations during trade rounds that called for countries that were major suppliers of a particular product to offer to lower tariffs, primarily to the benefit of those same countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| the seventh round of trade talks, which moved trade liberalization forward by reducing tariffs further across the board and, among other means, granting developing countries tariff preferences |
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Term
| Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) |
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Definition
| a proposal to grant developing countries tariff preferences in violation of MFN rules |
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Term
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Definition
| the eighth round of trade talks and the first to bear the name of a developing country; it extended the principle of free trade to services, investment, agriculture, and intellectual property |
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Term
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Definition
| the ninth and most current round of trade talks, which has as its goal to aid developing countries with respect to agriculture subsidies, more favorable systems for the manufacture and distribution of medical drugs, and the improvement of infrastructure, while still lowering barriers for advanced countries on industrial, service, and investment flows. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transnational market system that reduces internal tariffs to zero and establishes a common external tariff |
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Term
|
Definition
| a market that reduces internal tariffs to zero, but whose members retain different external tariffs |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when an abundance of natural resources prevents development by encouraging overvalued exchange rates, corruption, and lack of diversification into industry |
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Term
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Definition
| post world- war II legislation that called for the United States to cut off all foreign aid to a country if US company property was seized without adequate compensation |
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Term
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Definition
| the feared dominance of high- tech US companies in Europe in the 1960s, limiting critical European research and development resources and preempting independent European technological and industrial development |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that argues that high- tech product development goes through various stages, explaining why foreign direct investment most often goes to advanced, not developing countries |
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Term
| free- trade export- processing zone |
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Definition
| separate industrial areas established within developing countries that give foreign firms profitable concessions as long as these companies produce goods primarily for export |
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Term
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Definition
| sending in-house payroll, software, and data processing tasks to other, often foreign, firms for execution via the internet, requiring no transfer of physical production facilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of the components of a product overseas, followed eventually by the assembly of te components abroad as well |
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Term
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Definition
| the market that exchanges existing loans and financial assets and hedges them as derivatives against future prices, earnings, or interest |
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Term
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Definition
| the market that involves transactions that swap one currency for another |
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Term
| sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) |
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Definition
| state-controlled investment companies that manage large chunks of central bank foreign exchange reserves in such countries as United Arab emirates, China, Singapore, Kuwait, Norway, Canada, and Russia |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of material, institutional, and human progress in a particular country or region |
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Term
| gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
| the quantification of a country's production of goods and services at home |
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Term
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Definition
| domestic policies to redistribute land for the purposes of equity and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| noncompetitive lending and investment relationships between financial institutions and industry, such as between government banks and private manufacturing companies |
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Term
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Definition
| the Confucian ideas that motivated economic success in Asia; based on cultural/ ethnic principles such as the privileging of authority- family or community- over the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| economic stagnation in Latin America brought on by domestic policies, the oil crisis, and high debt, from the early 1970s to the late 1980s |
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Term
|
Definition
| economic stagnation in Latin America brought on by domestic policies, the oil crisis, and high debt, from the early 1970s to the late 1980s |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory developed by Latin American economists that explains the lack of growth in terms of external or colonial exploitation and oppression. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which states extract savings from one sector, usually, agriculture, by not paying market prices for the goods produced by that sector |
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Term
|
Definition
| firms that lobby to limit competition, extracting monopoly rents by producing at low costs while selling at high prices |
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Term
|
Definition
| moving money out of the local currency and country because of inflation and economic or political instability |
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Term
|
Definition
| a closed domestic economic system based on protectionism and state- owned industries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| business activities that take place outside the legal system of a country and that involve no legal titles or tax payments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mexican land reform project that redistributed some land to peasants; however, the plots were owned collectively, not individually, and depended on government development banks for financing |
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Term
|
Definition
| institutions such as the church or state providing for the needs of individuals or groups but without granting them real rights or responsibilities, thus stifling individual initiative and entrepreneurship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the post- colonial domination of the developing world by multinational corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| small loans made to the individual farmers and merchants who would not otherwise have access to credit |
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|
Term
| official development assistance (ODA) |
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Definition
| aid from advanced governments to developing nations |
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Term
|
Definition
| loans made to developing nations at subsidized interest rates |
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Term
|
Definition
| the rescheduling of loans to developing nations to stretch the loans over longer periods of time or forgiving the loans altogether |
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Term
|
Definition
| the expenses incurred in long- distance exchanges or large markets in which people do not know one another personally, namely the costs of finding appropriate buyers and sellers, establishing appropriate prices, and enforcing contracts |
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Term
|
Definition
| extracting profits from the use of resources or workers in an unjust way |
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Term
|
Definition
| the forceful extension of a nation's political authority by territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination of other nations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the establishment of outposts or colonies within a foreign population with the intention of dominating resources and indigenous peoples |
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Term
|
Definition
| the social process of making unimportant or powerless certain groups within a society especially indigenous peoples and women. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the metropolitan (political, commercial, and military) centers of imperial powers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep- seated disparity in the distribution of wealth and/or power generated by colonialism and dependency |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of world markets into core, peripheral, and semi- peripheral areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| large and leading countries that produce most of the leading quasi- monopoly products |
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller and less developed countries that produce most of the competitive or lagging products after their monopoly qualities have been lost |
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Term
|
Definition
| states that produce a nearly even mix of monopoly and competitive products |
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Term
|
Definition
| states that produce a nearly even mix of monopoly and competitive products |
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Term
|
Definition
| the international network of nongovernmental organizations that seeks to influence governments an intergovernmental organizations in numerous issue areas such as development and the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| an economic approach that calls for smaller- scale development that works in harmony with resource, population, land, and environmental constraints |
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Term
|
Definition
| a country's credits toward meeting the overall cap on pollution emissions; when an individual country exceeds the cap on pollution emissions, it may trade for credits with another country that has not exceeded its cap |
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Term
|
Definition
| periods of accelerating population growth as living standards increase because death rates decline faster than birth rates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen |
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Term
|
Definition
| the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen |
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Term
|
Definition
| the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen |
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Term
|
Definition
| the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of a country's population is growing progressively older than sixty- five |
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Term
|
Definition
| the aquifers below the Earth's surface that supply freshwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| the multiple species of plant and animal life found in nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| international research that led to new and more efficient varieties of crop seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides |
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Term
|
Definition
| limits on industrialization proposed in the 1970s to slow consumption conserve resources, and preserve natural habitats and wildlife |
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Term
|
Definition
| air pollution, especially as a result of industry |
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Term
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Definition
| condensation- borne pollutants that may be transported through the upper atmosphere over long distances |
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Term
| river and ocean pollution |
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Definition
| waterway contaminants from industrial and agriculture run- off, garbage, and human sewage |
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Term
| toxic and hazardous wastes |
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Definition
| pollutants from the disposal of petrochemicals, nuclear waste, and other dangerous materials |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere that protects the planet from solar radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the heating up of the Earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases |
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Term
| chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
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Definition
| chemicals that break down the ozone layer |
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Term
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Definition
| an agreement reached in 1987 that set the specific goal of reducing chlorofluorocarbons by 50 percent by 1998 |
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Term
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Definition
| emissions from fossil fuels and other sources that can cause climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| an agreement reached in 1997 that set deadlines of 2008- 2012 for industrial countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases such as AIDS, the avian flu, and SARS, which spread or threaten to spread worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
| governments that try to control all or most of civil society |
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Term
| constitutional governments |
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Definition
| governments that reserve a large space for civil society to act independently |
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Term
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Definition
| states that typically restrict civil rights in key sectors of society such as political parties and the media but allow some independent activities in commerce and other areas |
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Term
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Definition
| rights for participants in civil society, regarded in democratic societies as existing before government and as inalienable by governments |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm of global governance that tolerates different substantive ideologies based on regions rather than on states or universality |
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Term
| transnational nongovernmental organizations (TNGOs) |
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Definition
| international not for profit advocacy organizations typically independent of and not founded by governments |
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Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Definition
| a UN declaration approved in 1948 prescribing the obligations of states to individuals rather than of individuals to states |
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Term
| UN Human Rights Commission |
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Definition
| the commission that drafted and implements the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed by the UN as a nonbinding resolution in 1948 |
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Term
| UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) |
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Definition
| a major organ of the UN General Assembly; among other things, until 2006 it elected the members of the UN Human Rights Commission based on geographic representation |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2006 successor of the Human Rights Commission |
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Term
| UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) |
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Definition
| a 1979 UN convention broadly prohibiting all discrimination against women to which 185 members are parties and 8 (including the United States) have yet to ratify |
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Term
| UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) |
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Definition
| a UN convention adopted in 1989 to protect the rights of children, defined as anyone under eighteen years of age unless adult status has been attained earlier under national law, to life, to freedom from abuse, and to food, shelter, education, conscience (including religion), and participating in the community |
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Term
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Definition
| the oldest (founded in 1949) and broadest (forty-seven member countries) organization working for European integration, focusing on legal standards and the protection of human rights, democratic development, and the rule of law in Europe |
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Term
| European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |
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Definition
| the convention adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 that establishes basic protections that block governments from violating citizens' rights to due process (legal rights, trial by jury, and so on) and political participation |
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Term
| European Court of Human Rights |
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Definition
| the court, established under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, that enforces compliance with the convention's stipulations |
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Term
| American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man |
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Definition
| the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, adopted by the nations of the Americas in April 1948 |
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Term
| Inter- American Convention on Human Rights |
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Definition
| an international human rights instrument adopted by the nations of the Americas in 1969; its purpose is to report, investigate, and conduct diplomacy to protect and promote human rights in Latin America |
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Term
| Inter- American Court of Human Rights |
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Definition
| the court charged with implementing the Inter- American Convention on Human Rights |
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Term
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Definition
| assorted informal groupings of the major economic and financial powers that supplement formal international institutions in managing global economic affairs; examples are the G-7, G-8, and G-20 |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that argues that states will decline in significance as expert intergovernmental organizations solve practical problems |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of experts who share and are motivated by the same set of scientific ideas and training |
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Term
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Definition
| problems that can be resolved by informal means rather than institutional cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| problems that can be resolved only when parties cooperate, usually through institutional means |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that argues that intergovernmental organizations, such as the institutions of the European Community/ Union, transform state loyalties and identities directly |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle general purpose intergovernmental organization that deals with collective security, economic and social development, and international law and human rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum amounts of money that countries provide to the international monetary fund for lending to correct balance of payment problems. A country's vote in the IMF is based on its share of total quota contributions |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations whose members come from and are limited to a specific geographic region of the world |
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Term
| supranational institutions |
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Definition
| institutions above the level of the state that are motivated by common, rather than state- specific, goals; for example, the European Commission in the EU |
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Term
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Definition
| an intergovernmental and supranational organization that superseded in 1993 the various institutions of the European Commission to which most European democracies belong |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of reconciling different regulatory standards across the nations by requiring that all participants recognize the right of companies to operate within their borders as long as companies apply the standards accepted in their home country. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of the European Union that has the exclusive authority to initiate legislation and pursue the goals of an ever- closer union |
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Term
| Council of the European Union |
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Definition
| the assembly bringing together the member states of the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| summit meetings of the Council of the European Union, involving heads of state and government, to deal with issues that cut across jurisdictions and resolve issues that are blocked at lower levels of the organization |
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Term
| qualified majority voting (QMV) |
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Definition
| the principle that decisions are made by majority vote, not consensus or great power veto; this is how some decisions are made today in the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle legislative body and only directly elected institution in the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| the criticism made of the European Union that there is a gap between European Community institutions and the people they represent. |
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Term
| European Court of Justice (ECJ) |
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Definition
| the judicial body that has the power to interpret and enforce European Community treaties and law |
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Term
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Definition
| the right of civilians, as well as states, to bring cases before a court uncommon in international law until recently |
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Term
| European Central Bank (ECB) |
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Definition
| the banking institution whose governing council controls the money supply and sets short term interest rates for the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| A European Union document, not yet ratified, which incorporates a charter of fundamental rights; merges the judicial, economic, and defense aspects of the European Union; establishes the European Council; and raises the numbers of seats in Parliament, among other things |
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Term
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Definition
| a treaty that implements many of the provisions of the European constitution by intergovernmental agreement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that democratic nations for the most part do not go to war with one another, making the spread of democracy desirable |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of cases under consideration |
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Term
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Definition
| an outcome caused by multiple independent variables, the separate and interactive effects of which are not clear |
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