Details Title: International Affairs Description: Terms for the Final Total Flash Cards: 240 Created: 10/26/2008 08:49:14		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional International Studies Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term globalization 1.0 Definition one of three periods of globalization; it lasted from 1492 to 1800 and was characterized by mercantilism and colonialism Term globalization 2.0 Definition one of three periods of globalization; it lasted from 1800 to 1950 and was characterized by the emergence of multinational corporations and institutions Term globalization 3.0 Definition one of three periods of globalization; it started in the second half of the twentieth century and continues into the twenty- first and is characterized by the flattening of the global playing field and reliance on the knowledge economy more than on military power Term Pax Britannica Definition British hegemony before World War I during the second period of globalization Term Pax Americana Definition American hegemony after World War II during the third period of globalization Term mercantilism Definition an economic philosophy that holds that the central objective of a state's policy is to increase the state's wealth relative to that of other states and to pursue that economic development independently, in a zero sum struggle for material advantage Term Colbertism Definition an economic policy based on high tariffs; named after seventeenth century Frenchman Jean Baptiste Colbert. Term hegemonic stability theory Definition the theory that a hegemonic power is necessary to support a highly integrated world economy Term free riders Definition states that allow another to pay the cost of a particular transaction while at the same time receiving the benefits of that state's actions Term side payments Definition offers made be a hegemon (bribes) to get smaller nations to cooperate Term unilateral trade liberalization Definition one country's lowering or elimination of tariffs without asking other countries to reciprocate Term gold standard Definition a pre-World War I system of international payments based on gold, which was fixed in price with respect to local currencies Term interindustry trade Definition trade between separate industries, such as manufactures goods for agricultural materials Term intra- industry trade Definition trade of component parts within the same industry Term reparations Definition large fines in the form of payments levied against an aggressors to help rebuild nations affected by war Term beggar thy- neighbor policies Definition competitive economic policies to reduce imports by raising tariffs and to increase exports by lowering the value of currencies, with the net result that global markets shrink Term quotas Definition quantitative limits on imports or exports regardless of price Term dollar standard Definition the fixed exchange rate system established by Bretton Woods, that pegged the US dollar to gold and other currencies to the dollar Term multilateral trade liberalization Definition a Pax Americana trade system in which nations negotiate reciprocal tariff reductions rather than one nation reducing tariffs unilaterally Term most- favored- nation principle Definition the principle in trade agreements by which nations that negotiate tariff reductions offer the same low tariff to all nations that they offer to the most- favored nation, meaning the nation that pays the lowest tariffs Term European payments union Definition a predecessor to European integration in the 1950s that allowed European countries to settle their import and export accounts first with one another and then with the United States, thus discriminating against the US imports and exports Term Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Definition a cartel of the oil- producing states formed in the 1960s; led by the major Middle East oil- reserve countries Term seven sisters Definition the seven major western oil companies of the twentieth century that controlled most of the production and distribution of Middle East oil. Term Group of 77 (G-77) Definition originally a collection of seventy- seven developing countries, organized to champion cartels and the regulation of other world resource markets Term New International Economic Order (NIEO) Definition A set of economic proposals put forward in the 1970s by the Group of 77 developing nations that challenged the Bretton Woods system Term Group of 7 (G-7) Definition starting in 1975, an annual process of economic summits among the heads of state and governments of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and, after 1976, Canada and Italy Term stagflation Definition slow growth accompanied by high inflation Term petrodollar recycling Definition the recycling by private banks in Europe and the United States of dollars deposited by oil exporters through loans to oil- importing countries Term laissez- faire Definition the economic model based on the idea of comparative advantage, calling for a country to reduce tariffs and specialize in products that it produces most efficiently while importing products that other countries produce more efficiently Term invisible hand Definition the economic theory that says, if each nation or individual acts in its own best economic interest, the common good will be served Term General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Definition the Bretton Woods economic institution that supervised multilateral trade negotiations to reduce trade barriers Term International Monetary Fund (IMF) Definition the international economic institution that supervised the exchange rate system, provides external loans to countries undergoing balance of payment adjustments, and reviews domestic policies in member countries Term World Bank Definition the international economic institution set up to provide long- term financing for infrastructure development and basic human needs such as health and education; originally called the international bank for reconstruction and development Term marshall plan Definition the US post- world war II economic plan that provided loans for the reconstruction of war- torn economies in Europe Term spillover Definition the idea that, once interdependence starts down a certain path in one sector such as trade, it creates issues that can be resolved only by extending interdependence to other sectors such as finance Term information revolution Definition the latest stage of technological revolution that transforms the world economy through communications, digitization, and software management of data and voice transactions Term sensitivity interdependence Definition situation in which a country is affected economically or politically by what happens in other parts of the world, whether it is directly involved or not Term vulnerability interdependence Definition situation in which a country is put at risk if interdependence is cut and it can no longer get resources or capital from external sources Term complex interdependence Definition a dense network of interconnections emphasizing horizontal rather than vertical relationships that benefits more and more countries but also exposes them to more and more risks Term protestant ethic Definition the Reformation idea, formulated by sociologist Max Weber, that each individual lives out God's will in a specific vocation and demonstrates his or her faith in the works of his or her vocation an idea that ultimately justifies the rational pursuit of wealth Term classical economic liberalism Definition an economic orientation that holds that parties have a right to own property and exchange goods in a relatively free competitive marketplace without violence and coercion Term opportunity costs Definition the costs associated with using the same resources to produce one product compared to another Term economic nationalism Definition the approach of assisting domestic industries to catch up with and compete with more advanced foreign industries through protectionism, high tariffs, and subsidies Term socialism Definition big government policies that call for strong labor unions to match big corporations as well as state regulations and ownership to control substantial sectors of the economy Term Keynesian economics Definition an economic model that calls for more activist government intervention to stimulate domestic growth, protect imports, and adjust exchange rates more frequently Term Chicago School of Economics Definition an economical model that allows for fiscal and monetary policies to manage domestic demand, but sharply limits government spending and taxation and seeks to reduce tariffs and maintain relatively stable exchange rates to ensure more competitive and, hence, efficient domestic and international markets Term embedded liberalism Definition an interpretation of the Bretton Woods system that held that governments accepted the discipline of free trade and relatively stable exchange rates in the international economy in return for "embedding" these liberal commitments in domestic government policies to intervene extensively to achieve full employment, control prices, and prevent disruptive capital flows Term neoclassical liberalism Definition an interpretation of the Bretton Woods system that held that an international system of relatively free trade and fixed exchange rates effectively limited the ability of governments to intervene in the domestic economy because such intervention would ultimately contravene commitments to keep markets open, inflation down, and exchange rates stable Term modern Keynesians Definition economists who favor accepting some government intervention in the domestic economy to achieve high, but not necessarily full, employment while still favoring the classical market policies of low inflation and sound money, deregulated or flexible labor and capital markets, and open international trade Term aggressive Keynesians Definition economists who favor more extensive government intervention to achieve full, not just high, employment an dare less averse to inflation, price controls, or other forms of government intervention in the domestic economy Term tax cut and deregulation movement Definition a set of policies advocated by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan that drove up interest rates to kill inflation, reduced taxes and deregulated markets to restructure investment incentives, and liberalized trade and capital markets to spur efficiency Term multi- fiber agreement Definition an agreement imposing direct quotas on the imports of textiles and apparel Term voluntary export restraints Definition agreements in which exporting countries "voluntarily" (actually under pressure) agreed to limit exports of specific products Term newly industrializing countries Definition another term for the Asian tigers (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and later Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Chile, among others); the term focuses on their use of manufacturing to develop Term newly exporting countries Definition another term for the Asian tigers that focuses on their use of exports to develop Term strategic trade Definition trade policies that rely on competitive advantage through government targeting of technology and capital, rather than comparative advantage derived from fixed land, labor, or raw material resources to enter markets first and eventually dominate them where the economies of scale are so large that only one firm or country can make a profit Term national industry champions Definition industries that are protected and subsidized by the state so as to dominate home markets and gain an edge in world markets Term sustainable development Definition an economic approach that calls for smaller- scale development that works in harmony with resource, population, land, and environmental constraints Term Washington consensus Definition the policy movement in the 1990s advocating market- oriented ideas for developing nations. Term fiscal policies Definition policies affecting a government's budget; when revenues exceed expenditures, the budget surplus restrains the domestic economy; when expenditures exceed revenues , the budget deficit stimulates the domestic economy. Term fiscal policies Definition policies affecting a government's budget; when revenues exceed expenditures, the budget surplus restrains the domestic economy; when expenditures exceed revenues , the budget deficit stimulates the domestic economy. Term trade policies Definition policies that affect the prices of goods and services when they cross borders by either taxing or subsidizing the price or retraining the quantity of those goods. Term current accounts Definition the net border flows of goods and services, along with government transfers and net income on capital investments Term savings and investment policies Definition domestic economic policies that influence savings and investments Term capital accounts Definition the net flows of capital, both portfolio and foreign direct investment, into and out of a country Term portfolio investments Definition transfers of money to buy stocks, bonds, and so on Term foreign direct investments Definition capital flows involving the acquisition or construction of manufacturing plants and other facilities to a foreign country Term balance of payments Definition a country's current and capital account balances plus reserves and statistical errors Term microeconomic policies Definition government policies usually taking the form of regulations, subsidies, price controls, competition or antitrust policies, and labor laws that apply to a specific sector, industry, or firm in the domestic economy as a whole as in the case of macroeconomic policies. Term exchange rate policies Definition policies affecting the price of one country's currency in relation to another country's currency Term monetary policies Definition government policies that seek to control the money supply and affect the economy as a whole. Term macroeconomic policies Definition fiscal and monetary policies that affect the domestic economy as a whole Term infrastructure Definition a country's ports, roads, electric power, and other basic facilities that provide the framework its economy Term domestic governance Definition the domestic institutions and policies that govern the local economy Term global governance Definition the various international institutions and great power groups that help govern the global economy Term inward-first approach Definition an approach to international economic cooperation in which countries act first to fix their problems at home and then, if successful, push other countries toward compatible policies abroad Term outward-first approach Definition an approach to international economic cooperation in which countries agree first on common international policies and then change their separate national policies to conform to international agreements Term behind-the-border policies Definition domestic economic policies that affect all domestic goods, services, capital, and labor, whether traded or not Term border policies Definition foreign economic policies that affect goods, services, capital, and people only as they cross national boundaries Term capital account surplus Definition the net amount that a country has to borrow from abroad when it imports more than it exports Term capital account deficit Definition the net amount that a country lends out to other countries when it exports more than it imports Term conditionality Definition a requirement by the IMF that, in exchange for balance of payment assistance, a country alter its policies to correct its balance of payment deficit Term fixed exchange rate system Definition a system in which governments fix exchange rates to gold, another currency, or a basket of currencies Term purchasing power parity exchange rates Definition exchange rates that adjust for the local purchasing power of currencies recognizing that prices and generally lower in a developing than developed country Term managed or dirty flow Definition exchange rates that are not fixed but are kept within certain ranges or go up and down gradually by governments intervening in exchange markets Term exchange market intervention Definition the buying or selling by a government's central bank of its own currency in large quantities hoping to affect the currency's market price Term sterilization Definition central bank action to offset the increase or decrease of local currency in circulation caused by interventions to affect exchange rates Term tariffs Definition taxes on goods and services crossing borders Term customs fees and duties Definition charges added to the import price of goods Term export taxes Definition taxes levied on exported goods, perhaps in order to keep products that are in short supply at home Term export subsidies Definition reductions on the price of exported products Term nontariff barriers Definition policy instruments other than price, such as quotas and qualitative restrictions, designed to limit or regulate imports and exports Term embargoes Definition trade policies that effectively reduce imports or exports to zero Term qualitative regulations Definition restrictions on traded products to protect safety, health, labor standards, and the environment Term trade- related investment measures Definition the policies of a country that require foreign companies, before they can invest in the country, to share their technology to help local suppliers reach international standards Term national treatment Definition the treatment of foreign firms on the same terms as local firms Term short- term investments Definition investments of less than a year, typically volatile Term long- term investments Definition investments of more than a year, typically less volatile than short- term investments Term immigration Definition the movement of peoples across national boundaries Term regulations Definition standards that are established for health, safety, labor, and the environment that apply to all domestic, including traded, products through various qualitative restrictions Term subsidies Definition grants and loans at below-market interest rates Term price controls Definition microeconomic policies designed to keep prices down Term price supports Definition microeconomic policies designed to keep prices up Term competition policies Definition policies that deal with monopolies by authorizing, deregulating, or privatizing them Term labor laws Definition microeconomic policies that set minimum wages and working conditions for factory and other workers Term security Definition the prerequisite for a stable domestic economy that a government not be engulfed in civil or guerrilla war Term predictable domestic politics Definition the prerequisite for a stable domestic economy that a government not be run by a weak or unstable coalitions or experience frequent changes in leadership and policies Term corruption Definition violations of the rule of law on the part of the government officials that divert public resources to private gain and create an unpredictable investment climate Term geoeconomics Definition the regional or global struggle for relative power and geopolitics through economic competition. Term comparative advantage Definition a relationship in which two countries can produce more goods from the same resources if they specialize and trade products rather than produce them separately. Term absolute advantage Definition a country can produce most or all products more efficiently than another country. Term opportunity costs Definition the relative costs associated with using resources to produce alternative products. Term national security export controls Definition limitations on the trade of military and dual- use (having both commercial and military applications) products and technology Term infant industries Definition developing industries that require protection to get started Term import substitution policies Definition policies developed in Latin America that substitute domestic industries for imports Term economies of scale Definition the larger the amount of a good that is produced, the lower the cost of production Term strategic trade Definition trade policies that rely on competitive advantage through government targeting of technology and capital, rather that comparative advantage derived from fixed land, labor, or raw material resources, and that emphasize getting into markets first and eventually dominating them when economies of scale are so large that only one firm or country can make a profit Term monopoly rents Definition a firm's dominating a market and setting prices above what the market would ordinarily permit because of lack of market competition. Term competitive advantage Definition a trade advantage created by government intervention to exploit monopoly rents in strategic industries Term patient capital Definition money invested by the government or government- directed banks over the long term to develop dominant industries for the future; common in Japan and other Asian economies Term Hecksher- Ohlin theory Definition the theory that over time trade will not only equalize the prices for products from different countries but also the prices for labor and other inputs or factors of production Term unfair trade Definition trade by a firm or government that violates an international trade agreement or trade practices by a firm or government not covered by agreements and that are unjustifiable, unreasonable, and discriminatory. Term multilateral trade rounds Definition trade negotiations in which multiple countries participate and reduce trade barriers simultaneously Term Kennedy Round Definition the sixth round of trade talks under which across- the- board trade negotiations took place, reducing tariffs by an average of 35 percent; this was the first round of talks in which EC countries negotiated as a group. Term major suppliers Definition countries that produce a great deal more of a product than other countries; a criterion for negotiations during trade rounds that called for countries that were major suppliers of a particular product to offer to lower tariffs, primarily to the benefit of those same countries. Term Tokyo Round Definition the seventh round of trade talks, which moved trade liberalization forward by reducing tariffs further across the board and, among other means, granting developing countries tariff preferences Term Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Definition a proposal to grant developing countries tariff preferences in violation of MFN rules Term Uruguay Round Definition the eighth round of trade talks and the first to bear the name of a developing country; it extended the principle of free trade to services, investment, agriculture, and intellectual property Term Doha Round Definition the ninth and most current round of trade talks, which has as its goal to aid developing countries with respect to agriculture subsidies, more favorable systems for the manufacture and distribution of medical drugs, and the improvement of infrastructure, while still lowering barriers for advanced countries on industrial, service, and investment flows. Term common market Definition a transnational market system that reduces internal tariffs to zero and establishes a common external tariff Term free- trade area Definition a market that reduces internal tariffs to zero, but whose members retain different external tariffs Term resource curse Definition a phenomenon that occurs when an abundance of natural resources prevents development by encouraging overvalued exchange rates, corruption, and lack of diversification into industry Term Hickenlooper Amendment Definition post world- war II legislation that called for the United States to cut off all foreign aid to a country if US company property was seized without adequate compensation Term technology gap Definition the feared dominance of high- tech US companies in Europe in the 1960s, limiting critical European research and development resources and preempting independent European technological and industrial development Term product life cycle Definition a theory that argues that high- tech product development goes through various stages, explaining why foreign direct investment most often goes to advanced, not developing countries Term free- trade export- processing zone Definition separate industrial areas established within developing countries that give foreign firms profitable concessions as long as these companies produce goods primarily for export Term outsourcing Definition sending in-house payroll, software, and data processing tasks to other, often foreign, firms for execution via the internet, requiring no transfer of physical production facilities Term offshore investment Definition the production of the components of a product overseas, followed eventually by the assembly of te components abroad as well Term derivatives market Definition the market that exchanges existing loans and financial assets and hedges them as derivatives against future prices, earnings, or interest Term currency markets Definition the market that involves transactions that swap one currency for another Term sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) Definition state-controlled investment companies that manage large chunks of central bank foreign exchange reserves in such countries as United Arab emirates, China, Singapore, Kuwait, Norway, Canada, and Russia Term development Definition the process of material, institutional, and human progress in a particular country or region Term gross domestic product (GDP) Definition the quantification of a country's production of goods and services at home Term land reform Definition domestic policies to redistribute land for the purposes of equity and development. Term crony capitalism Definition noncompetitive lending and investment relationships between financial institutions and industry, such as between government banks and private manufacturing companies Term Asian values Definition the Confucian ideas that motivated economic success in Asia; based on cultural/ ethnic principles such as the privileging of authority- family or community- over the individual Term lost decade Definition economic stagnation in Latin America brought on by domestic policies, the oil crisis, and high debt, from the early 1970s to the late 1980s Term lost decade Definition economic stagnation in Latin America brought on by domestic policies, the oil crisis, and high debt, from the early 1970s to the late 1980s Term dependency theory Definition theory developed by Latin American economists that explains the lack of growth in terms of external or colonial exploitation and oppression. Term financial repression Definition a system in which states extract savings from one sector, usually, agriculture, by not paying market prices for the goods produced by that sector Term rent- seekers Definition firms that lobby to limit competition, extracting monopoly rents by producing at low costs while selling at high prices Term capital flight Definition moving money out of the local currency and country because of inflation and economic or political instability Term economic sutarky Definition a closed domestic economic system based on protectionism and state- owned industries. Term informal sector Definition business activities that take place outside the legal system of a country and that involve no legal titles or tax payments Term ejido system Definition Mexican land reform project that redistributed some land to peasants; however, the plots were owned collectively, not individually, and depended on government development banks for financing Term paternalism Definition institutions such as the church or state providing for the needs of individuals or groups but without granting them real rights or responsibilities, thus stifling individual initiative and entrepreneurship. Term neocolonialism Definition the post- colonial domination of the developing world by multinational corporations Term microlending Definition small loans made to the individual farmers and merchants who would not otherwise have access to credit Term official development assistance (ODA) Definition aid from advanced governments to developing nations Term concessional loans Definition loans made to developing nations at subsidized interest rates Term debt relief Definition the rescheduling of loans to developing nations to stretch the loans over longer periods of time or forgiving the loans altogether Term transaction costs Definition the expenses incurred in long- distance exchanges or large markets in which people do not know one another personally, namely the costs of finding appropriate buyers and sellers, establishing appropriate prices, and enforcing contracts Term exploitation Definition extracting profits from the use of resources or workers in an unjust way Term imperialism Definition the forceful extension of a nation's political authority by territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination of other nations. Term colonization Definition the establishment of outposts or colonies within a foreign population with the intention of dominating resources and indigenous peoples Term marginalization Definition the social process of making unimportant or powerless certain groups within a society especially indigenous peoples and women. Term metropole Definition the metropolitan (political, commercial, and military) centers of imperial powers. Term systematic inequality Definition deep- seated disparity in the distribution of wealth and/or power generated by colonialism and dependency Term division of labor Definition division of world markets into core, peripheral, and semi- peripheral areas. Term core states Definition large and leading countries that produce most of the leading quasi- monopoly products Term peripheral states Definition smaller and less developed countries that produce most of the competitive or lagging products after their monopoly qualities have been lost Term semi- peripheral states Definition states that produce a nearly even mix of monopoly and competitive products Term semi- peripheral states Definition states that produce a nearly even mix of monopoly and competitive products Term global civil society Definition the international network of nongovernmental organizations that seeks to influence governments an intergovernmental organizations in numerous issue areas such as development and the environment Term sustainable development Definition an economic approach that calls for smaller- scale development that works in harmony with resource, population, land, and environmental constraints Term pollution rights Definition a country's credits toward meeting the overall cap on pollution emissions; when an individual country exceeds the cap on pollution emissions, it may trade for credits with another country that has not exceeded its cap Term demographic transitions Definition periods of accelerating population growth as living standards increase because death rates decline faster than birth rates. Term youth bulge Definition the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen Term youth bulge Definition the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen Term youth bulge Definition the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of the population in a given country is young, typically below the age of fifteen Term greying population Definition the demographic pattern in which a substantial percentage of a country's population is growing progressively older than sixty- five Term water tables Definition the aquifers below the Earth's surface that supply freshwater Term biodiversity Definition the multiple species of plant and animal life found in nature Term green revolution Definition international research that led to new and more efficient varieties of crop seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides Term limits to growth Definition limits on industrialization proposed in the 1970s to slow consumption conserve resources, and preserve natural habitats and wildlife Term smog Definition air pollution, especially as a result of industry Term acid rain Definition condensation- borne pollutants that may be transported through the upper atmosphere over long distances Term river and ocean pollution Definition waterway contaminants from industrial and agriculture run- off, garbage, and human sewage Term toxic and hazardous wastes Definition pollutants from the disposal of petrochemicals, nuclear waste, and other dangerous materials Term ozone layer Definition the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere that protects the planet from solar radiation Term global warming Definition the heating up of the Earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases Term chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Definition chemicals that break down the ozone layer Term Montreal Protocol Definition an agreement reached in 1987 that set the specific goal of reducing chlorofluorocarbons by 50 percent by 1998 Term greenhouse gases Definition emissions from fossil fuels and other sources that can cause climate change Term Kyoto Protocol Definition an agreement reached in 1997 that set deadlines of 2008- 2012 for industrial countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions Term pandemics Definition diseases such as AIDS, the avian flu, and SARS, which spread or threaten to spread worldwide Term totalitarian governments Definition governments that try to control all or most of civil society Term constitutional governments Definition governments that reserve a large space for civil society to act independently Term authoritarian states Definition states that typically restrict civil rights in key sectors of society such as political parties and the media but allow some independent activities in commerce and other areas Term civil rights Definition rights for participants in civil society, regarded in democratic societies as existing before government and as inalienable by governments Term regionalism Definition a norm of global governance that tolerates different substantive ideologies based on regions rather than on states or universality Term transnational nongovernmental organizations (TNGOs) Definition international not for profit advocacy organizations typically independent of and not founded by governments Term Universal Declaration of Human Rights Definition a UN declaration approved in 1948 prescribing the obligations of states to individuals rather than of individuals to states Term UN Human Rights Commission Definition the commission that drafted and implements the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed by the UN as a nonbinding resolution in 1948 Term UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Definition a major organ of the UN General Assembly; among other things, until 2006 it elected the members of the UN Human Rights Commission based on geographic representation Term UN Human Rights Council Definition the 2006 successor of the Human Rights Commission Term UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Definition a 1979 UN convention broadly prohibiting all discrimination against women to which 185 members are parties and 8 (including the United States) have yet to ratify Term UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Definition a UN convention adopted in 1989 to protect the rights of children, defined as anyone under eighteen years of age unless adult status has been attained earlier under national law, to life, to freedom from abuse, and to food, shelter, education, conscience (including religion), and participating in the community Term Council of Europe (CE) Definition the oldest (founded in 1949) and broadest (forty-seven member countries) organization working for European integration, focusing on legal standards and the protection of human rights, democratic development, and the rule of law in Europe Term European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Definition the convention adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 that establishes basic protections that block governments from violating citizens' rights to due process (legal rights, trial by jury, and so on) and political participation Term European Court of Human Rights Definition the court, established under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, that enforces compliance with the convention's stipulations Term American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Definition the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, adopted by the nations of the Americas in April 1948 Term Inter- American Convention on Human Rights Definition an international human rights instrument adopted by the nations of the Americas in 1969; its purpose is to report, investigate, and conduct diplomacy to protect and promote human rights in Latin America Term Inter- American Court of Human Rights Definition the court charged with implementing the Inter- American Convention on Human Rights Term great power groups Definition assorted informal groupings of the major economic and financial powers that supplement formal international institutions in managing global economic affairs; examples are the G-7, G-8, and G-20 Term functionalism Definition an approach that argues that states will decline in significance as expert intergovernmental organizations solve practical problems Term epistemic communities Definition groups of experts who share and are motivated by the same set of scientific ideas and training Term coordination problems Definition problems that can be resolved by informal means rather than institutional cooperation Term collaboration problems Definition problems that can be resolved only when parties cooperate, usually through institutional means Term neofunctionalism Definition an approach that argues that intergovernmental organizations, such as the institutions of the European Community/ Union, transform state loyalties and identities directly Term United Nations Definition the principle general purpose intergovernmental organization that deals with collective security, economic and social development, and international law and human rights. Term IMF quotas Definition the maximum amounts of money that countries provide to the international monetary fund for lending to correct balance of payment problems. A country's vote in the IMF is based on its share of total quota contributions Term regional organizations Definition organizations whose members come from and are limited to a specific geographic region of the world Term supranational institutions Definition institutions above the level of the state that are motivated by common, rather than state- specific, goals; for example, the European Commission in the EU Term European Union Definition an intergovernmental and supranational organization that superseded in 1993 the various institutions of the European Commission to which most European democracies belong Term mutual recognition Definition a way of reconciling different regulatory standards across the nations by requiring that all participants recognize the right of companies to operate within their borders as long as companies apply the standards accepted in their home country. Term European Commission Definition the organ of the European Union that has the exclusive authority to initiate legislation and pursue the goals of an ever- closer union Term Council of the European Union Definition the assembly bringing together the member states of the European Union Term European Council Definition summit meetings of the Council of the European Union, involving heads of state and government, to deal with issues that cut across jurisdictions and resolve issues that are blocked at lower levels of the organization Term qualified majority voting (QMV) Definition the principle that decisions are made by majority vote, not consensus or great power veto; this is how some decisions are made today in the European Union Term European Parliament Definition the principle legislative body and only directly elected institution in the European Union Term democratic deficit Definition the criticism made of the European Union that there is a gap between European Community institutions and the people they represent. Term European Court of Justice (ECJ) Definition the judicial body that has the power to interpret and enforce European Community treaties and law Term individual standing Definition the right of civilians, as well as states, to bring cases before a court uncommon in international law until recently Term European Central Bank (ECB) Definition the banking institution whose governing council controls the money supply and sets short term interest rates for the European Union Term European constitution Definition A European Union document, not yet ratified, which incorporates a charter of fundamental rights; merges the judicial, economic, and defense aspects of the European Union; establishes the European Council; and raises the numbers of seats in Parliament, among other things Term Lisbon Treaty Definition a treaty that implements many of the provisions of the European constitution by intergovernmental agreement. Term democratic peace Definition the theory that democratic nations for the most part do not go to war with one another, making the spread of democracy desirable Term sample size Definition the number of cases under consideration Term overdetermined outcome Definition an outcome caused by multiple independent variables, the separate and interactive effects of which are not clear