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Intelligence and Personality
Chapter 10 and 13
105
Psychology
02/27/2011
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Term
The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of
 Definition
behavioral consistency
Term
Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and chandler indicate that each has a distinctive
Definition
personality
Term
The belief that some distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to
 Definition
Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts
Term
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms
 Definition
made no neurological sense
Term
Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from
 Definition
psychological processes
Term
Free association is central to the process of
 Definition
psychoanalysis
Term
Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms?
 Definition
free association
Term
Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?
 Definition
Freud
Term
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whateer thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique using a technique known as
 Definition
free association
Term
In suggesting that the mind is like an iceberg, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the
 Definition
unconscious
Term
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be
 Definition
preconscious
Term
According to Freud, the unconscious is
Definition
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
Term
Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams?
 Definition
free association
Term
Freud believed that __________ were the "royal road to the unconscious."
 Definition
dreams
Term
Accordig to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
 Definition
id
Term
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
 Definition
id
Term
Ego is to id as __________ is to __________.
 Definition
reality principle; pleasure principle
Term
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a
 Definition
strong ego
Term
According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
 Definition
superego
Term
No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a
Definition
strong superego
Term
Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's _______ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires
 Definition
ego
Term
According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego, interact is essential to grasping the nature of
 Definition
motivational conflict
Term
According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by
Definition
the id
Term
Katrinka habitually makes nasty, hostile comments about her teachers. Freud would have suggested that her behavior illustrates the powerful influence of the
 Definition
id
Term
The pleasure principle is to the ____________ as the reality principle is to the ___________.
 Definition
id; ego
Term
Although Garth wants ot interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desire might be partially satisfied by Garth's
Definition
ego
Term
According to Freud's theory, the ego
 Definition
is the executive part of personality
Term
While attending college, Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on "wine, women, and song." Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n)
 Definition
weak superego
Term
During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on
Definition
erogenous zones
Term
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the _________ stage of development.
 Definition
anal
Term
According to Freud, the most important erogenous zone during earliest infancy consists of the
Definition
mouth
Term
Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through
 Definition
a latency stage before they enter a genital stage
Term
According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the
Definition
phallic
Term
A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called
 Definition
the Oedipus complex
Term
Boris does not like chemistry, but he has chosen it as his college major simply to prove that he is just as smart as his father, who is an outstanding chemist. A psychoanalysit would be most likely to suggest that Boris suffers from an unresolved
 Definition
Oedipus complex
Term
Freud suggested that the superego develops throught the process of
 Definition
identification
Term
Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to
Definition
fixation
Term
Ingrid is a married woman who pursues sexual gratification by means of kissing rather than through sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this illustrates a(n)
 Definition
fixation
Term
Byron is always looking to others for advice, approval, and affection. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Byron is most likely fixated at the ___________ stage.
 Definition
oral
Term
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys; fear of castration is most closely associated with
Definition
the Oedipus complex
Term
One night after he heard his parents arguing, a 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)
Definition
reaction formation
Term
Frud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of
Definition
the Oedipus complex
Term
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as
 Definition
fixation
Term
The Oedupis complex is the term used by Freud to describe
 Definition
boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother
Term
When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this was. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of
 Definition
repression
Term
Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete
Definition
repression
Term
Freud would hve suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to
 Definition
regression
Term
Parents who disquise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
Definition
reaction formation
Term
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called
 Definition
projection
Term
Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor if racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates
 Definition
projection
Term
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
Definition
rationalization
Term
Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with our kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates
 Definition
rationalization
Term
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of
Definition
defense mechanisms
Term
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is
Definition
repression
Term
Freud suggested that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates
 Definition
repression
Term
Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the degense mechanism of
Definition
repression
Term
Cubg with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called
 Definition
regression
Term
For several months after he lost the job he held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of
Definition
regression
Term
Which defense mechanism involves the conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of unconcscious feelings?
 Definition
reaction formation
Term
A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intenst expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of
 Definition
reaction formation
Term
As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her, Amity began, with apparent sincerity, to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents. Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of
Definition
reaction formation
Term
Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates
 Definition
projection
Term
Unconsciously motivated by miserliness, Mr. Rioja refused to send his son money to buy the books he needs for his college courses. In defending his actions, Mr. Rioja explained that "parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature, independent adults." Mr. Rioja's explanation is an example of
 Definition
rationalization
Term
While Professor Gomex was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unneccessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A osychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of
Definition
displacement
Term
Displacement refers to the process by which people
 Definition
redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets
Term
Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism
 Definition
displacement
Term
Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates
Definition
regression
Term
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
 Definition
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses
Term
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a
Definition
projection
Term
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
 Definition
rationalization
Term
Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as
 Definition
denial
Term
Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from
Definition
feelings of inferiority
Term
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority?
 Definition
Adler
Term
Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of
Definition
childhood sexual instincts
Term
Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women
Definition
have weak superegos
Term
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
 Definition
Jung
Term
Carl Jung emphasized the importance of
Definition
the collective unconscious
Term
Celine recetly had a vivid dream that was strikingly similar to an ancient but unfamiliar religious myth. This coincidence would have been of particular interest to
Definition
Jung
Term
Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the
Definition
collective unconscious
Term
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that
Definition
sexual drives are central to personality development
Term
Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of
 Definition
projective tests
Term
Tests tat present ambiguous timuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called
Definition
projective tests
Term
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the
Definition
TAT
Term
The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to
Definition
ambiguous pictures
Term
Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Tona was most likely responding to a(n) ____________ test.
 Definition
Thematic Apperception
Term
The Thematic Apperception test is a(n)
 Definition
projective test
Term
The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that
 Definition
only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity
Term
Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father sebstitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ______________ theory of personality
 Definition
Freud's
Term
Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of thei experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of
 Definition
repression
Term
Survivors' memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of
Definition
repression
Term
According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of
 Definition
self-esteem
Term
People who cheat on their taxes are especially likely to think many others do as well. This false consensus effect is most similar to Freud's concept of
Definition
projection
Term
Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it
 Definition
offers few testable hypotheses that lalow one to determine its validity
Term
The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of
 Definition
self-determination
Term
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of
 Definition
self-actualization
Term
Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
 Definition
Rogers
Term
Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by
 Definition
Rogers
Term
Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by
 Definition
unconditional positive regard
Term
Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by
 Definition
unconditional positive regard
Term
Lamont has frequently been rebellios, inconsiderate, and self-centered, yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him. The pastor's attitude toward Lamont is most explicityly recommended by
Definition
Rogers
Term
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
 Definition
unconditional positive regard
Term
Carl Rogers suggested that the _______________ is a central feature of personality
 Definition
self-concept
Term
In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measure the correspondence between
 Definition
ideal self and actual self
Term
Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by
 Definition
selectively studying people with qualities he admired
Term
Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of
 Definition
an internal locus of control