Term
What is the largest system in the whole body? |
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Definition
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Term
What elements are included in the integument? |
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Definition
Skin/hide sweat and oil glands Hair (wool, fur, feathers) Nails (hooves, claws, foot pads) Horns |
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Term
What are the protective functions of the integument? |
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Definition
Protects against: microbes, insects, external parasites, environment, chemicals, UV radiation, physical abrasion |
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Term
What are the (non-protective) functions of the integument? |
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Definition
Prevent Dehydration Regulate body temperature detecting and relaying sensory info to CNS Excretion of organic wastes, and excess salts+water (sweat) Synthesis of Vit D Protection (nails, horns, claws) Food gathering (claws used as forelimbs on birds) |
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Term
What is the time span for skin to regenerate across all species (how long does it take)? For humans? |
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Definition
25-50 days 4-7 weeks for humans |
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Term
Where, in general on an animal, is skin/hide thickest? Thinnest? |
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Definition
Thickest in areas with greatest exposure to environment (back, shoulder blades, pads of paws). Thinnest where animal has most protection. |
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Term
What are the 3 layers of the skin? |
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Definition
Epiderp-mis Derp-mis Hypoderp-mis
lulz |
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Term
True or false: The epidermis is vascular, and has nerve endings |
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Definition
False, 'tis avascular, and generally free of nerve endings |
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Term
How does the epidermis get its nutrients? |
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Definition
Via simple diffusion from underlying skin (dermis) |
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Term
Where is the basal layer located, and how does it work? |
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Definition
"basement membrane" (adjacent to dermis) -made of keratinocytes which divide via mitosis to form daughter cells - push older cells towards skin surface |
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Term
Explain the process of cells moving away from the dermis? (migrating toward the surface) |
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Definition
Cells lose contact with capillaries, and lose access to nutrients; cells flatten, die, undergo changes (including loss of nuclei, cytosol, and organelles) |
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Term
With what are the cytosol, organelles, and nuclei of migrating basal cells replaced? What are the functions of these? |
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Definition
Replaced by fibrous proteins, keratin, and glycolipids - prevent water loss of skin - hardens skin (keratin) |
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Term
What are the other types of epidermis cells? |
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Definition
Desmosomes, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, Langerhan's cells |
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Term
What is the function of the desmosomes? |
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Definition
anchors and connects keratinocytes (to form protective barrier) |
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Term
What is the function of the melanocytes? |
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Definition
produces the pigment melanin, which protects against UV radiation |
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Term
What is the function of the Merkel cells? |
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Definition
act as sensory receptors to touch |
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Term
What is the function of the Langerhan's cells? |
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Definition
They 'phagocytize' foreign debris and microorganisms - this type of immune cell is called a macrophage - involved with development of itch or rash |
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Term
What are the five layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale |
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Term
What separates the epidermis and dermis? |
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Definition
The basement membrane of the epidermis |
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Term
What is the structural relationship b/w epidermis and dermis? |
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Definition
epidermis has folds which project down into the dermis - papillae of dermis form bonding arrangement with these projections |
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Term
Which of the three layers of the integument is aka 'the corium?' |
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Definition
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Term
Which layer of integument makes up 80% of the total mass of the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
Which layer of integument makes up the hide of the animal? |
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Definition
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Term
The dermis contains many cell types and structures. Name some, and mention their role |
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Definition
Fibroblasts: connective tissue (healing wounds) Macrophages: immune system Nerve endings: sensory reception Adipocytes: Adipose tissue Hair follicles:______ Smooth muscle:______ Sweat and sebacceous glands: secretions of varying functions (depending on animal) |
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Term
Mention the properties of the dermis that help to make it strong and flexible |
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Definition
Collagen Reticular fibers Elastin - also allow skin to stretch - provide long-wearing attributes of leather |
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Term
True or false: the dermis is the only layer of the integument that has blood vessels |
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Definition
False, the hypodermis does as well |
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Term
What are the functions of the blood flow to the dermis? |
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Definition
- nutrient provision - waste removal - temperature regulation |
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Term
Which layer of the integument is considered cellular? |
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Definition
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Term
Which layer of the integument is considered fibrous? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the three layers of the integument are aka the stratified squamos layer? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the three layers of the integument are aka the subcutaneous fat layer? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function and composition of the areolar connective tissue? |
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Definition
Composed of elastin, fibroblasts, collagen, and reticular fibres. Aids in flexibility (allows movement b/w skin and muscle w/o tearing) - cushions and protects skin and underlying muscles and organs |
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Term
Of what is the hypodermis composed? (2 things) |
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Definition
Areolar connective tissue (CT) and Adipose tissue |
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Term
What is the function of adipose tissue? |
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Definition
Acts as a shock absorber and provides thermoinsulation |
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Term
Which layer of the integument contains Pacinian Corpuscles? What is their function? |
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Definition
The hypodermis; they are touch receptors that respond to heavy pressure and vibrations |
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Term
True or false: All layers have receptors that respond to touch |
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Definition
True; thought the epidermis is generally lacking in nerve endings |
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Term
What are the two types of sweat glands? |
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Definition
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Term
Farm animals generally only have ______ sweat glands that open onto _____ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
In primates, eccrine glands secrete a mixture of what 3 substances, and with which function? |
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Definition
water, salts, and lactic acid; function is to cool body |
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Term
True or false: All farm animals sweat in some way |
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Definition
False, none (of the main ones that we discuss) do, except horses |
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Term
True or false: Chickens cool themselves by flapping their feathers |
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Definition
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Term
True or false: Eccrine glands open up onto hair follicles |
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Definition
False, Sweat glands and sebaceous glands open onto hair follicles |
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Term
What secretions are produced by apocrine glands? (3 things) |
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Definition
water, fatty acids, and proteins |
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Term
What is responsible for the characteristic odors of horses, cattle, and dogs? |
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Definition
seretions of the apocrine glands combined with secretions from the sebaceous gland |
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Term
How do Pigs cool themselves? |
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Definition
By rolling in mud or water |
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Term
How do cattle and sheep generally cool themselves? |
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Definition
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Term
Where in the body are oil glands found, and in what layer of the integument? |
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Definition
All over the body; dermis |
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Term
Sebaceous glands secrete what kind of substance: a) sweat b) modified sweat c) apocrine secretions d) oil e) a + c |
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Definition
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Term
Oil glands secrete a substance called _____ onto ______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the oil glands? |
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Definition
to degrade epithelial cells to produce lipid-based sebum |
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Term
Sebaceous glands in cattle produce sebum, but those of sheep produce _____ |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of sebum? |
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Definition
- prevents hair from becoming brittle - prevents excess moisture evap. from skin - keeps skin soft - has bacteriostatic and antifungal properties |
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Term
What are the functions of the hair or pili? |
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Definition
- insulate by trapping air - absorbs light to help warm animals - protection - sensory reception (whiskers) |
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Term
What are the three components of [a] hair? |
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Definition
follicle, shaft, hair root |
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Term
What is the hair follicle? |
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Definition
The invagination of the epidermis which serves to anchor the hair |
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Term
Describe the production of hair |
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Definition
1) there is a mound of dermal cells or 'papilla' which is covered by rapidly dividing cells called a 'matrix' 2) daughter cells get pushed away from papilla and die from lack of nutrients; become keratinized |
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Term
What are the four types of hair, and mention their function |
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Definition
Guard (primary) hairs: form smooth outer coat Wool hairs: form undercoat (soft and curly) Innervated tactile hairs that serve as organs of touch (whiskers used to probe and feel) Hair colour (result of melanin) to absorb or reflect heat |
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Term
What are some functions of feathers? |
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Definition
protect against elements enable flying maintaining body temp protection from predators sexual attraction |
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Term
What are feathers primarily made of? |
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Definition
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Term
Hooves and horns are both made up of...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"hoofed animal" - animal with well-developed hoof associated with distal phalanx - hooves sustain entire body weight - |
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Term
A hoof is aka an _____ or a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Horse support their weight on ____ (one toe/two toes) and are therefore called "___-toed ungulates" (even/odd) |
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Definition
one toe or 'ungula'; odd toed ungulates (pigs, cattle, and sheep, all even-toed w/ 2 toes) |
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Term
The Cannon bone is also called the... |
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Definition
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Term
The hoof is an extension of ____ from the ____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False: 1st and 5th digits have evolved into dewclaws which have regressed over time |
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Definition
True, farm animals also have no thumbs |
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Term
What are the two layers of a hoof? |
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Definition
1) outer layer: cornified layer derived from epidermis; avascular and insensitive to pain 2) inner vascularized dermis ("corium"); has blood vessels for nutrients and innervated |
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Term
True or false: The hooves are abiotic, therefore they require no trimming |
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Definition
False: Hoof growth is continuous so trimming is required |
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Term
The functions of a hoof include: |
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Definition
- maintain traction - defense against predators - for catching prey |
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Term
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Definition
- Increase traction - increase integrity - strengthen the foot - prevent expansion of hoof - provide protective barrier b/w hoof and ground |
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Term
On which bone of the skull are horns located? |
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Definition
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Term
The horn core/germinal center/bud/button is covered by which layer of integument? |
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Definition
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Term
Horns elongate from which end? |
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Definition
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Term
Horn cells are considered to be which type of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the horn made up of? |
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Definition
Dense keratin, like the hoof wall and hair |
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Term
List the four factors affecting horn growth |
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Definition
1) nutrition 2) sex: females have smaller or no horns 3) species 4) genetics: polled cattle lack horns naturally) |
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Term
What is the main idea behind dehorning (what is done) and what are two ways to do it? |
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Definition
The corium where horn buds are formed is destroyed; 1. Button removed surgicaly 2. Button destroyed with hot iron or caustic paste |
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