Term
| What were two main explanations for the Asian financial crisis? |
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Definition
1. Blame placed on factors internet to Asian societies. Aka authoritarian governing systems. Corruption.
2. Looked to external factors, including overenthusiam of foreign investors. Bubble of confidence. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Levels of Analysis |
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Definition
| Points on an ordered scale of size and complexity. These levels include units whose behavior we attempt to describe, predict, or explain, as well as units whose impact on individual decision making we examine. |
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Term
According to J. David Singer, what are the two broad levels of analysis?
How did he highlight the distinctions used in discerning influences on foreign policy? |
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Definition
The levels are: The international system AND the nation-state. The international is more broad and provides a more comprehensive picture while the domestic provides a more detailed.
Influences on foreign policy: 1. Internal or Domestic. 2. External influences (outside the boundaries of the state.) |
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Term
| What are the six levels of analysis? |
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Definition
1. Individual decision makers: May be interested in the traits of LEADERS or in the motivations of "typical" individuals.
2. Roles of Decision Makers: Individuals with powerful roles. An individual placed in charge of an institution or bureaucracy.
3. Governmental Structures: Differences in types of government in which people have to interact.
4. Characteristics of the Society: Nongovernmental characteristics of society that affect foreign policy choices. Economic conditions. Size of the country.
5. International Relations: Ongoing relationships and patterns of interaction between states.
6. The World System: Larger international, regional, or global system in which decision makers operate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The possibilities and constraints that the decision maker faces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The decision to choose a course of action which reflects his or her goals and motivations. |
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Term
| What determines what OPPORTUNITIES will be available for a state? |
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Definition
1. The phenomenon must have been invented or discovered already (nuclear weapons, bronze, etc).
2. Actors must have some sense of the availability of this possibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outgrowth of interactions between collective social entities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who feel that they share something in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex set of psychological, cultural, and social forces that drive the formation of a nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Government exercising authority over a piece of territory and a people who live there. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government exercising authority over territory containing a group of people who feel they have something in common. |
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Term
| Three examples of empires that dissolved into states as nations wanted autonomy by WWI? |
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Definition
1. Turkish Ottoman Empire
2. Austro-Hungarian Empire
3. Russian Empire |
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Term
| What produces the WE feeling that leads to nationalism? Ch.3 |
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Definition
1. Common territory.
2. Cultural similarity
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Term
| What brought about the shift to the modern state system? |
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Definition
Occurred in the 200 years or so BEFORE the Treaty of Westphalia. COMBINATION OF political, economic, technological, and religious factors.
BEFORE: Feudal entities. HRE. In Europe, loyalty in TWO entities: Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. Hierarchical system of authority.
What characterizes the 15th and 16th century? Rise of monarchial power and influence.
Political: Rise of monarchs, who need resources to exert their power.
ECONOMIC: Manufacturing, trade and communication become concentrated. Growth of merchants and of the need for standardized currency and for roads.
MONARCHY and MERCHANT desires coincide.
TECHNOLOGY: Advances in military technology. Gunpowder and canon.
RELIGION: Connected all interrelated elements. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT results in the 30 Years War - Followed by Peace of Westphalia.. |
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Term
| What are the major principles of the Peace of Westphalia? |
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Definition
Birth of modern state system.
Religion = determined by local ruler.
Authority= dispersed to the various kings and princes.
Rulers do NOT have to answer to outer authority.
State now in charge of both LEGAL and RELIGIOUS entities. |
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Term
| What is the system of anarchy? |
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Definition
| Principle of EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY which says that no state has authority over another.m |
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Term
| What are some challenges to the State system since Westphalia/ |
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Definition
1. French Revolution/idea of the Republic/people should have the power.
Napoleon tried to conquer other states. But it was a fail. |
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Term
| What is the difference between juridical statehood and empirical statehood? |
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Definition
| Juridical statehood: the rights and responsibilities accorded to states by international law. Empirical statehood: the state's capacity to enforce its external independence and provide for internal stability and well-being. |
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Term
| What are the qualifications for becoming a major competitor amongst nation-states? |
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Definition
| Being an organized unit that commands the identification, interests, and loyalty of individuals and affects interstate relations. |
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Term
What are intergovernmental organizations? DEFINITION
Also, what are the categories of IGOs? |
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Definition
Composed of states. Individuals that are sent represent the interests and policies of their home governments.
1. GENERAL PURPOSE. Some are Universal political organizations: Aim to include as wide an international membership as possible. General purpose. SOME are restricted membership and are typically regionally based.
Both the membership and purpose of IGOs evolve over time, making them difficult to classify.
2. Limited purpose: Sometimes called functional IOs. |
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Term
| What are supranational authorities? |
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Definition
| States have granted them the authority to act independently and to make decisions that are binding to members. EU is close to one. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Nongovernmental organizations |
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Definition
| Private international actors. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Multinational corporations |
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Definition
| Giant corporations that affect the policies of many governments and the welfare of many people. |
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Term
| The Dilemma of Mobilization: Draw |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the principles of the State System as defined by the Treaty of Westphalia? |
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Definition
1. Sovereignty: No outside power has authority over another state. State is the supreme lawmaker inside its own territory.
2. Non-intervention - States (governments) do not bypass relations with governments and attempt to influence domestic political affairs within another state.
3. Equality: States differ on a lot of characteristics but are equal with respect to legal rights and duties. |
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Term
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Definition
| The crucial dimension of 'spatiality' - the location of entities in relationship to other entities as well as how CAPABILITIES are distributed amongst these entities. |
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Term
| What is Boulding's theory of closeness of states and their opportunities for interaction? |
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Definition
| Any state's power is greatest at home but then declines along a "loss of strength gradient" as the distance from home is increased. |
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Term
| What is a Politically Relevant International Community? |
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Definition
| An area that a state's decision makers see as important in both their calculations of opportunity and willingness. Thus, states are generally most concerned with their neighbors. |
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Term
| What are the two most important factors of the international environment? |
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Definition
1. Political setting (geopolitics)
2. Technological setting |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of elements, or units, interacting with each other. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Interdependence |
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Definition
| A relationship in which changes or events in any single part of the system will produce some reaction or have some significant consequence in other parts of the system. |
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Term
| What are the two types of alliances? CH. 4 |
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Definition
1. Informal - acting in a similar way towards a third party without a formal alliance
2. Formalized - written in treaties. Involve agreements to cooperate specifically in military matters. |
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Term
| What are the three types of formal alliances? |
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Definition
1. Defense pact - Each promises to come to the aid of the other if attacked.
2. Nonaggression pact - promise not to attack each other.
3. Entente - Often not particularly friendly but come together for a common purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in which a single state dominates all other states, whether individually or in coalition with each other. Never before has there been a true unipolar world. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Multipolar systems |
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Definition
| Systems with multipolar power centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems with only two really big powers. |
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Term
| What are Waltz's three features of an international political structure? |
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Definition
1. Ordering principle - The formal principle of authority (there is none).
2. The character of the units the system comprises. AKA states.
3. Distribution of capabilities among the units of the system
(Bipolar, unipolar, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Not being prone to war.
Periods with MORE wars tend to have LESS casualties.
Also: another def: continuity in the fundamental pattern of interactions. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Balance of power |
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Definition
| Exists when no single state or coalition of states dominates the international system. Operates in multipolar and bipolar systems only. |
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Term
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Definition
| To join with the stronger and share the fruits of his conquest. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Unilateralism |
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Definition
| An approach to statecraft that places a premium on freedom of action and regards international cooperation as worthwhile when it clearly serve the national interests. OFFENSIVE realists are likely to support. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Hegemonic stability |
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Definition
| Quite opposite of balance of power theory. Emphasizes that a powerful state's preponderance, which rests on its disproportional share of military and economic capability, allows it to enforce international 'rules'. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Multilaterialism |
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Definition
| One that treats international norms as binding on ALL states at ALL times. Not simply applicable when it suits their interests. |
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Term
| According to Ch. 5, what are the two ways that relationships between states can be seen in? |
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Definition
1. First, we can look at how two states compare on a set of national attributes or characteristics.
2. The actual set of interactions between pairs of states. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Power (Russett and Starr) |
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Definition
| The ability to overcome obstacles and influence outcomes. |
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Term
| DEFINITION CH. 5 : Influence |
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Definition
| A method by which people and states get their way. |
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Term
| What is Robert Dahl's classical definition for the relational aspect of power? |
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Definition
| A's ability to get B to do something that would not otherwise do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influencing a country to half a course of action it is already pursuing or to commence with a course of action it is not pursuing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aims to influence another actor NOT to do something it would otherwise do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influencing a country to half a course of action it is already pursuing or to commence with a course of action it is not pursuing. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Structural power |
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Definition
| Influencing that involves the ability of A to influence to context or environment surrounding state B's decisions - the structure of the SITUATION in which B finds itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excersizing influence through attraction as opposed to coercion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Include any physical object, talent, or quality that can be used to affect the behavior (or desires) of others. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: National capabilities |
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Definition
| Resources that a state can draw upon in order to achieve a desired outcome. |
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Term
| What are two tangible ways to measure a state's capabilities? |
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Definition
1. Geography and demography
Large land or population - more resources.
Demography - more education - more capabilities.
2. Economic and Military Resources
(GDP - econ
Military expedenture as compared to GDP |
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Term
| What is the COW composite index? |
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Definition
| A measure of state's material capabilities. |
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Term
| What are some of the intangible elements of a state's capabilities? |
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Definition
1. The ability and willingness to suffer
2. Reputation of government
3. Intelligence |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Diplomacy (RSK Ch. 5) |
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Definition
Usually involves direct, government-to-government contact whereby officials interact in order to communicate desires and accomplish goals on behalf of state.
CENTRAL FEATURES: Representation and communication. |
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Term
| DEFINITION (RSK) - Bargaining |
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Definition
| The process by which two or more parties attempt to settle on the terms of an exchange. |
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Term
| DEFINITION (RSK) : Negotiation |
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Definition
| Verbal communication aimed at resolving the parties' incompatible goals. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Decision making |
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Definition
| The process of evaluating and choosing among alternate courses of action. |
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Term
| Rational Actor Model Steps |
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Definition
1. Clarify the foreign policy goals.
2. Identifies all options
3. Evaluates the consequences
4. Decision
Try to maximize utility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rational decision maker searches for an ACCEPTABLE choice, one that satisfies a minimal set of requirements. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Prospect theory |
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Definition
| Individuals tend to treat gains and losses differently. Decision makers tend to fear losses more than they covet gains. |
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Term
| What three dimensions are crises defined along? |
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Definition
1. Level of threat (high). 2. Decision time (short). 3. Awareness (surprise).
Can be used to make a decision cube. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Organizational Processes Model |
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Definition
Suggests that what occurs today (at time t) is the best predictor of what will happen tomorrow (at time t+1).
Since organizations tend to follow a standard operating procedure. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Governmental politics model |
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Definition
| Starts with the organizational process model but integrates the social element as well. Foreign policy decisions are also the resultants of various bargaining games among bureaucratic players within the government. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Principal-agent problem |
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Definition
| A principal has the ultimate authority, but he must delegate tasks to an agent, mostly because the principal does not possess the resources necessary to accomplish these tasks. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Cognitive consistency |
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Definition
| A state of mind in which various cognitive images do not clash with or contradict each other. |
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Term
| According to RSK, what two sets of influences do statesmen generally feel confined by? |
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Definition
| 1. Politics, power, and the actions of other states. 2. Domestic constraints ranging from public opinion to the culture of the governmental bureaucracy. |
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Term
| RSK DEFINTION: Foreign policy |
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Definition
| A guide to actions taken beyond the boundaries of the state to further the goals of the state. |
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Term
| What is the voting paradox when it comes to war? |
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Definition
| War > Sanctions > Nothing > War |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Political openness |
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Definition
| The extent to which a government is subject to influences from society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Women at all education levels and income levels are more likely to be dovish on foreign policy than men. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Rally-'round-the-flag effect |
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Definition
| The ability of a nation's leader to gather popular support for foreign policy initiatives, especially during an international crisis |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Diversionary war |
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Definition
| If leaders cannot control the economy, they may then turn to international armed conflicts in order to increase their domestic support. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Belief system |
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Definition
| A reasonably coherent set of images, conceptions, and values that give meaning to an individual's perceptions of the physical, social, and perhaps spiritual world. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Operational code |
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Definition
| That part of an individual's belief system that guides thinking about the repertoire of appropriate responses to various situations and therefore serves as a guide to political action, |
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Term
| What are Waltz's three images? |
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Definition
1. Focuses on human nature and the psychological needs and deficiencies we all supposedly possess by virtue of our genetic makeup
2. The internal organization of states is the key to understanding war and peace.
According to some, imperialism is the HIGHEST form of capitalism.
3. War can be explained by the characteristics of the international system, especially the distribution of power.
Bipolarity may lead to peace?
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Term
| DEFINITION: Failed states |
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Definition
| States that are internationally recognized but whose governments cannot provide their citizens with even the minimal level of security and well-being expected. |
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Term
| CONDITIONS leading to ethnopolitical conflict |
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Definition
| Cleavage along racial, tribal, linguistic, or religious lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the systematic use of violence - often suicidal violence - for political ends, acts intended to produce fear that will change attitudes and behavior towards government and their policies. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: State terrorism |
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Definition
| Government use of terrorism against their own populations. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: State-sponsored terrorism |
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Definition
| International terrorist activity conducted by state officials or sponsored. |
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Term
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Definition
| When both sides are ensnared in an action-reaction process. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Nuclear weapons |
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Definition
| Use the massive amounts of energy released by atomic nuclei when they split or combine |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Proliferation |
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Definition
| The increase in the number of states that possess a certain class of weaponry. |
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Term
| DEFINITION: Security dilemma |
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Definition
| States may never feel safe because they never know how much is enough for their security. |
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Term
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Definition
Process that produces agreements on the production, deployment, management, or use of weapons.
Minimizes the risks of accidental nuclear attacks.
Sets limits on the characteristics of weapons |
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Term
| Why is conflict within states a concern? 2 reasons. |
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Definition
1. Internal conflict can be enormously destructive and long lasting.
2. May provoke conflict WITHIN states. |
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