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Info Exam 3
N/A
159
Computer Networking
Undergraduate 2
11/11/2012

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Term
Information granularity
Definition
The extent of detail within the information (fine and detailed or coarse and abstract)
Term
Real-time information
Definition
Immediate, up-to-date information
Term
Real-time systems
Definition
provide real-time information in response to requests
Term
Data inconsistency
Definition
Occurs when the same data element has different values
Term
Data integrity issues
Definition
Occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data
Term
Data governance
Definition
The overall management of the availability usability, itengrity, and security of compan data
Term
Database
Definition
Maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
Term
Database management system (DBMS)
Definition
creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security
Term
Query-by-example (QBE) tool
Definition
helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database
Term
Structured query language (SQL)
Definition
asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database
Term
Data element (or data field)
Definition
The smallest or basic unit of information
Term
Data models
Definition
logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures
Term
Metadata
Definition
provides details about data
Term
Data dictionary
Definition
Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model
Term
Relational database model
Definition
stores information in the form of logically realted two-dimensional tables
Term
Relational database management system
Definition
Allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database
Term
Entity
Definition
(also referred to as a table) stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event.
Term
Attributes
Definition
(also called columns or fields) the data element associated with an entity
Term
Record
Definition
A collection of related data elements. Each record in an entity occupies one row in its respective table.
Term
Primary key
Definition
a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given record in a table.
Term
Foreign key
Definition
A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.
Term
Physical view
Definition
The physical view of information deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
Term
Logical view
Definition
The logical veiw of information focuses on how individual users logically access information to meet their own particular business needs
Term
Data redundancy
Definition
The duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places
Term
Information integrity
Definition
A measure of the quality of information
Term
Business-critical integrity constraints
Definition
enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints
Term
Data-driven website
Definition
An interactive website kept constantly updated and relevent to the needs of its customers using a database
Term
Data warehouse
Definition
A logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
Term
Data mart
Definition
Contains a subset of data warehouse information. To distinguish between data warehouses and data marts, think of data warehouses as having a more organizational focus and data marts as having a functional focus
Term
Cube
Definition
A common term for the representation of multidimensional information
Term
Data quality audits
Definition
determine the accuracy and completeness of a firm's data
Term
Data mining
Definition
The process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone
Term
Data-mining tools
Definition
Use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information that predict the future behavior and guide decision making.
Term
Structured Data
Definition
Data already in a database or a spreadsheet
Term
Unstructured data
Definition
does not exist in a fixed location and can include text documents, PDFs, voice messages, emails, and so on
Term
Text mining
Definition
Analyzes unstructured data to find trends and patterns in words and sentences
Term
Web mining
Definition
analyzes unstructured data associated with websites to identify consumer behavior and website navigation
Term
Cluster analysis
Definition
A technique used to divide information sets into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible
Term
Association Detection
Definition
reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships
Term
Market basket analysis
Definition
Analyzed such items as websites and checkout scanner information to detect customers' buying behavior and predict future behavior by identifying affinities among customers' choices of products and services.
Term
Information cleansing or scrubbing
Definition
A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
Term
Informatin constraints
Definition
Rules that help ensure the quality of information
Term
Relational integrity constraints
Definition
Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints
Term
Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)
Definition
A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms it using a common set of enterprise definition, and loads in into a data warehouse
Term
Statistical analysis
Definition
Performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis
Term
Time-series information
Definition
Time stamped information collected at a particular frequency
Term
Forecasts
Definition
Predictions based on time-series information
Term
Netowrks are categorized based on geographic span. Name three
Definition

1) local area netoworks

2) wide area networks

3) metropolitan area networks

Term
Local area network (LAN)
Definition
connects a group of computers in close proximity, such as in an office building, school, or home
Term
Wide area network (WAN)
Definition
spans a large geographic area such as a state, province, or country
Term
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Definition
a large computer network usually spanning a city
Term
National service providers (NSPs)
Definition

private companies that own and maintain the worldwide backbone that supports the Internet

Examples: Sprint, Verizon, AT&T...

Term
Network access points (NAPs)
Definition
traffic exchange points in teh routing hierarchy of the Internet that connects NSPs
Term
Regional service providers (RSPs)
Definition
offer Internet service by connection to NSPs, but they also can connect directly to each other
Term
Bandwidth
Definition
how we measure network performance. Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can pass from one point to another in a unit of time
Term
Bit
Definition
(short for binary digit) the smallest element of data and has a value of either 0 or 1
Term
Bit rate (data rate)
Definition

The number of bits transferred or received per unit of time.

Bandwidth is measured in terms of bit rate (or data rate)

Term
Modem
Definition
A device that enables a computer to transmit and receive data
Term
Broadband
Definition

A high-speed Internet connection that is always connected

The two most prevalent types of broadband access are digital subscriber line and cable connection

Term
Digital subscriver line (DSL)
Definition
Allows high-speed digital data transmission over standard telephone lines
Term
Internet cable connections
Definition
Provide internet access using a cable television company's infrastructure and a special cable modem
Term
T1 lines
Definition

 A type of data connection able to transmit a digital signla at 1.544 Mpbs.

Leased lines for high bandwidth.

Term
Protocol
Definition
A standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission
Term
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
Definition
Provides the technical foundation for public Internet as well as for large numbers of private networks
Term
Domain name system (DNS)
Definition

Converts IP addresses into domain, or identifying labesl that use a variety of recognizable naming conventions.

Therefore, instead of trying to remember 94.1565.26.155, users can simply specify a domain name to access a computer or website, such as www.apple.com

Term
Network convergence
Definition
The effecient coexistence of telephone, video, and data communications within a single network, offering convenience and flexibility not possible with separate infrastructures
Term
Unified Communications (UC)
Definition

The integration of communication channels into a single service.

UC merges instant message, videoconverencing, email, voice mail, and VoIP. This can decrease the communication costs for a business while enhancing the way individuals communicate and collaborate

Term
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Definition
Uses IP technology to transmit telephone calls
Term
VoIP service providers
Definition
specialists as well as traditional telephone and cable companies and some ISPs - allows users to call anyone with a telephone number, whether local, long distance, cellular, or international
Term
What are the two ways to use VoIP for telephone calls?
Definition
through a Web interface that allows users to make calls from their computer and through a phone attached to a VoIP adapter that links directly to the Internet though a broadband modem
Term
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Definition
A computer network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the partcipants in the network rather than a cetnralized server
Term
Internet Protocol TV (IPTV)
Definition
distributes digital video content using IP across the Internet and private IP networks
Term
Intranet
Definition
A restricted network that relies on Internet technologies to provide an Internet-like environment within the compant for information sharing, communications, collaboration, Web publishing, and the support of business processes
Term
Extranet
Definition
An extension of an intranet that is available only to authorized outsiders, such as customers, partners, and suppliers
Term
Virtual private network (VPN)
Definition
Companies can establish direct private network links among themselves or create private, secure Internet access, in effect a "private tunnel" within the INternet, called a VPN
Term
Secure sockets layer (SSL)
Definition
A standard security technology for estbalishing an encrypted link between a Web server and a browser, ensure that all data passed between them remain private. To create an SSL connection, a Web server requires an SSL certificate.
Term
SSL Certificate
Definition
An electronic document that confirms the identity of a website or server and verifies that a public key belongs to a trustworth individual or company. (Remember, public key encryption (PKE) uses two keys: a public key that everyone can have and a private key for onle the recipient).
Term
Secure hypertext transfer protocol (SHTTP or HTTPS)
Definition
A combination of HTTP and SSL to provide encryption and secure identification of an Internet server
Term
Digital divide
Definition
A worldwide gap giving advantages to those with access to technology
Term
Personal area networks (PAN)
Definition

Provide communication over a short distance that is intended for use with devices that are owened and operated by a single user

Example: a PAN cna provide communication between a wriesless headset and a cell phone or between a computer and a wireless mouse or keyboard

Term
Bluetooth
Definition
A wireless PAN technology that transmits signals over short distances among cell phones, computers, and other devices
Term
Wireless LAN (WLAN)
Definition
A local area network that uses radio signals to transmit and receive data over distance of a few hundred feet
Term
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
Definition
A means by which protable devices can connect wirelessly to a local area network, using access points that send and receive data via radio waves
Term
802.11
Definition
The bandwidth associated with Wi-Fi are separated according to severl wireless networking standards, known as 802.11, for carrying out wireless local area network communication
Term
Wireless MAN (WMAN)
Definition
A metropolitan area network that uses radio signals to transmit and receive data
Term
Wordlwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
Definition

A communication technology aimed at providing high-speed wireless data over metropolitan area networks

In many respects, WiMAX operates like Wi-Fi, only over greater distances and with higher bandwidths

Term
Wireless WAN (WWAN)
Definition

A wide area network that uses radio signals to transmit and receive data.

WWAN technologies can be divided into two categories: cellular communication systems and satellite communication systems.

Term
3G
Definition
Services that bring wireless broadband to mobile phones
Term
Streaming
Definition
A method of sending audio and video files over the Internet in such a way that the user can view the file while it is being transferred
Term
Satellite
Definition
A space station that orbits the Earth receiving and transmitting signals from Earth-based stations over a wide area
Term
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Definition

uses electronic tags and lables to identify object wirelessly over short distances. It hold the promise of replacing existing identification technologies such as the bar code.

RFID wrielessly exchanges information between a tagged object adn a reader/writer.

Term
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Definition
A satellite-based navigation system providing extremely accurate position, time, and speed information
Term
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Definition
Consists of hardware, software, and data that provide location information for display on a multidimensional map
Term
Location-based services (LBS)
Definition
applications that use location information to provide a service
Term
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
Definition

A wireless security protocol to protect Wi-Fi networks.

Anyoen who wants to use an acces point must know the WPA encryption key to acces the Wi-Fi connection

Term
Telecommunication systems
Definition
Enable the transmission of data over public or private networks
Term
Network
Definition
A communications system created by linking two or more deviceand establishing a standard methodology by which they can communicate
Term
Local area network (LAN)
Definition
designed to connect a group of computers in clost proximity to each other such as in an offcie building, a school, or a home
Term
Wide area network (WAN)
Definition
Spans a large geogrpahic area, such as a state, province or country
Term
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Definition
A large computer netwrok usually spanning a city
Term
A network typeicall includes four things:
Definition

1) Protocol

2) Netowrk interface card (NIC)

3) cable

4) hub

Term
Networks are differentiated by the following:
Definition

1) architecture

2) topology - bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless

3) protocols

4) media

Term
Client
Definition
A computer designed to request information from a server
Term
Server
Definition
A computer dedicated to providing information in response to requests
Term
Client/server network
Definition
A model for applications in which the build of the back-end processing, such as performing a physical search of a database, takes palce on a server, while the frontend processing, which involves communication with the users, is handled by clients
Term
Netowrk operating systems (NOS)
Definition
The operating system that runs a network, steering information between computers and manging security and users
Term

A fundamental part of client/server architecture is packet-switching.

What is packet-switching?

Definition
Occurs when the sending computer divides a message into a number of efficiently sized units of data called packets, each of which contains the address of the destination computer
Term
Router
Definition
An intelligent connecting devicethat examines each packet of data it receives and then decides which way to send it onward towards its destination
Term
Network topology
Definition
Refers to the geometric arrangment of the actual physical organization of the computers (and other network devices) in a network
Term
Protocol
Definition

A standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission.

Simple put, for one computer (or computer program) to talk to another computer (or computer program) they must be talking the same language, adn this language is called a protocol

Term
Interoperability
Definition

The capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though tehy are made by differeny manufacturers.

 

Term
Ethernet
Definition
A physical and data layer technology for LAN networking
Term
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
Definition
provides the technical foundation for the public Internet as well as for large number of private networks
Term
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Definition
provides trasnport funciton, ensureing, among other things, that the amoung of data received is the same as the amount transmitted
Term
Internet protocol (IP)
Definition
Provides the addressing and routing mechanism that acts as a postmaster
Term
Internet protocl version 6 (IPv6)
Definition
The "next gerneration" protocol designed to replace the current version Internet protocol, IP version 4 (IPv4)
Term
Network transmission media
Definition

Refers to the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers.

The two types of transmission media are wire (guided) and wireless (unguided)

Term
Wire media
Definition
Transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably
Term
Twisted-Pair Cable
Definition
refers to a type of cable composed of four (or more) copper wires twisted around each other writhing a plistic sheath
Term
Coaxial Cable
Definition
A cable that can carry a wide range of frequencies with low signal loss
Term
Fiber-Optic (or optical fiber)
Definition
Refers to the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass wire or fiber
Term
Wireless media
Definition
Natural parts of the Earth's environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals
Term
Database
Definition
Maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (trasaction), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
Term
Database management system (DBMS)
Definition
creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security
Term
Data model
Definition
The logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elemetns using graphics or pictures
Term
Relational database model
Definition
Stores informaton in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
Term
Entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
Definition
A technique for documenting the entities and relationships in a database environment
Term
Entity
Definition
Stores information about a perosn, place, thing, transaciton, or event
Term
Attribute
Definition
The data elements associated with an entity
Term
Single-valued attribute
Definition
Means having only a single value of each attribute of an entity. A person's age is an example of a single-valued attribute becasue a person cannto have more than one age
Term
Multi-valued attribute
Definition

Means having the potential to contain more than one value for an attribute.

For example, and education degree of a person is a multi-valued attribute becasue a person can have more than one degree

Term
Null-valued attribute
Definition
Assigned to an attribute when no other value applies or when a value is unknown
Term
Business rule
Definition
 A statement that defines an aspect of a business
Term
what are the three basic types of entity relationships?
Definition

1) one-to-one

2) one-to-many

3) many-to-many

Term
One-to-one relationship (1:1)
Definition
 relationship between to entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to only one instance of a related entity
Term
One-to-many relationship (1:M)
Definition
Between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to many instances of a related entity
Term
Many-to-many relationship (M:N)
Definition
between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity
Term
Compostie entities
Definition
Entites that exist to represent the relationship between two other entiteis
Term
Cardinality
Definition

Expresses the specific number of instances in an entity.

In the Chen model, the cardinality is indicated by places numbers beside the entities in the format of (x,y). The first number of the cardinality represent the minimum value and the second number is for the maximum value.

Term
Table
Definition
Composed of rows and columbs that represent an entity
Term
Field
Definition
A characteristic of a table
Term
Record
Definition
A collection of realted data elements
Term
Primary key
Definition

A field (or groups of fields), that uniquely identifies a fiven record in a table.

A primary key makes it possible to uniquely identify every record in a table.

Example: Using a Customer Number as a primary key states tha no two customers will ever have the same number

Term
What is the proper notation to use when documenting the primary key?
Definition

 UNDERLINE IT

Example: CUSTOMER (Customer Number, First Name, Last Name, Phone Number)

Term
Foreign Key
Definition

When a table contains a field that is the same as the primary key of antoher table, it is called a foreign key.

Foreign Key: a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical realtionship between the two tables.

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