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Inflammatory response
Craft, J., Gordon, C., & Tiziani, A. (2011). Understanding pathophysiology. NSW: Elsevier
48
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/30/2014

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Term
predominant leucocyte in early inflammation
Definition
neutrophils
Term
what are granulocytes
Definition
the primary circulating WBCs, which contain many granules containing enzymes in their cytoplasm
Term
leucocytes that are granulocytes (3)
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Term
granulocytes that are not leucocytes
Definition
platelets, monocytes, various forms of lymphocytes
Term
location of mast cells
Definition
in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels near the body's outer surfaces (such as skin, lining of GI and respiratory tract)
Term
biochemical mediator responsible for initiating the inflammatory response in the blood
Definition
basophils
Term
describe the process of degranulation
Definition
in response to a variety of stimulus (e.g. cell injury, infection..), mast cells release chemically active molecules into the cellular space to exert their effects
Term
molecules released by mast cell degranulation
Definition
histamine, chemotactic factors and heparin
Term
list 3 molecules later synthesised by mast cells also
Definition
leukotrienes, prostaglandins and platelet activating factor
Term
where are the molecules of mast cell synthesis produced
Definition
from the lipids in the plasma membrane
Term
immature WBC from circulating in blood
Definition
monocytes
Term
primary roles of neutrophils (3)
Definition
removal of debris, dead cells and phagocytosis of bacteria
Term
what happens to neutrophils after they die at the inflammatory site
Definition
become a component of purulent exudate or pus. Then, removed via the lymphatic system or the epithelium
Term
2 WBCs producing chemotactic factors
Definition
neutrophils and eosiniphils
Term
when do macrophages enter the inflammatory site and why
Definition
about 24 hours after inflammatory response is initiated. They replace the neutrophils. They require the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors to attract them to the area
Term
when do monocytes become macrophages
Definition
when they enter the inflammatory site from circulation
Term
location of monocyte production
Definition
bone marrow
Term
location of neutrophil production
Definition
bone marrow
Term
why are macrophages better suited for long term defence than neutrophils
Definition
macrophages can survive and divide in the acidic inflammatory response. Neutrophils are only short lived
Term
other component that can aid in macrophage bactericidal effect
Definition
inflammatory cytokines produced by cells of the acquired immune system
Term
How do macrophages interact with cytokines
Definition
macrophages have cell surface receptors for cytokines
Term
2 specific functions of eosinophils
Definition
1) serve as the body's primary defence against parasites
2) help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells
Term
how phagocytic are eosinophils
Definition
eosinophils are only 'mildly' phagocytic
Term
mast cell-derived chemical mediator that attracts eosinophils
Definition
eosinophil chemotactic factor-A
Term
how do eosinophils regulate inflammation
Definition
lysosomes of eosinophils contain enzymes, which degrade vasoactive molecules released by the mast cell, therefore controlling the vascular effects of inflammation
Term
2 effects of platelet activation
Definition
1) interacts with other components of coagulation to stop bleeding
2) degranulates to release biochemical mediators such as serotonin
Term
effect of serotonin (through process of platelet activation) in the inflammatory response
Definition
has similar effects to histamine, it increases vascular permeability and blood flow to inflammatory site
Term
describe role of leukotrienes in inflammation and compare with histamines
Definition
Produce histamine effects.
It causes smooth muscle contractions and increases vascular permeability. Important to later stages of inflammation.
Stimulates slower and more prolonged response than histamine
Term
describe prostaglandin effects in inflammation (3)
Definition
cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis and pain by directly effecting nerves.
Term
how does increased vascularity occur
Definition
endothelial cells of the capillaries at the inflammatory site move apart
phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) produce surface molecules that increase adhesion/stickiness to endothelial cells, allowing diapedesis through the endothelial junctions
Term
five processes of phagocytosis
Definition
1) adhere to target
2) engulf by indigestion of endocytosis
3) form phagosome (vacuole containing foreign body in cell)
4) phagosome fuse with lysosomal granules
5) target destruction
Term
what happens to phagocytes after the process of phagocytosis (2 effect)
Definition
usually die.
when it dies at the inflammatory site, the phagocyte usually lyses (break open) and releases its cytoplasmic contents, including the the lysosomal enzymes into the tissue.
This can digest surrounding tissue, causing most of the tissue destruction by inflammation
Also, dying phagocytes may contribute to inflammation by increasing capillary permeability and attract more monocytes
Term
alpha1-antirypsn
Definition
a plasma protein produced by the liver that minimises the effects of dying phagocytes. it is a natural inhibitor.
Term
four different substances producing platelet-activting factor
Definition
neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial cells and platelets
Term
platelet-activating factor role in inflammation
Definition
identical to leukotrienes (cause endothelial retraction to increase permeability, leucocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and platelet activation
Term
role of cytokine in inflammation
Definition
group of proteins that provide communication between inflammatory cells. Can be pro- or anti- inflammatory
Term
which 2 substances produces interleukin
Definition
macrophages and lymphocytes
Term
what is interleukin-1 (IL-1) and which substance produces it
Definition
a pro inflammatory cytokine produced mainly by macrophages
Term
endogenous pyrogen
Definition
fever-causing cytokine
Term
role of IL-1 (4)
Definition
1) an endogenous pyrogen that reacts with receptors on cells and the hypothalamus. It affects the body's thermostat and causes fever
2) enhance adaptive and innate immunity by activating phagocytes and lymphocytes
3) acts as a growth factor for many cells
4) neutrophils: several effects such as proliferation, chemotaxis, increased cellular activity and increased lysosomal ability
Term
which substances produces IL-6 (3)
Definition
macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and other cells
Term
describe action of interleukin 10
Definition
an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Slows inflammatory and acquired immune responses by suppressing lymphocyte growth and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages
Term
substance which primarily produces IL-10
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
how does cytokine to cell binding occur
Definition
bind by specific cell-surface receptors . This action will usually cause synthesis of other cellular products
Term
what is tumour necrosis factor-alpha?
Definition
tumour necrosis factor-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages (also mast cells and others) in response to the recognition of foreign antigens
Term
describe effects of TNF-alpha (4)
Definition
pro inflammatory;
- increase adherence of neutrophils by increasing endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression
Also in large quantities:
-acts as an endogenous pyrogen, thus inducing fever
- increase synthesis of inflammation-related serum proteins by the liver
- cause cachexia (muscle wasting) and intravascular thrombosis in cases of severe infection and cancer
Term
CONT'd ...pg304
Definition
Term
what is tumour necrosis factor-alpha?
Definition
tumour necrosis factor-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages (also mast cells and others) in response to the recognition of foreign antigens
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