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Infectious Diseases-Bacterial
Oral Path. Chapter 4
114
Pathology
Professional
02/21/2013

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Term
What are the three types of infectious diseases?
Definition
1.bacterial
2.Fungal
3.viral
Term
Do bacteria have a nucleus or chromosome?
Definition
no
Term
What do bacteria have?
Definition
a cell wall and DNA
Term
Bacteria are BLANK celled organisms.
Definition
One-celled
Term
Can bacteria survive outside of cells? Why?
Definition
yes, they have an independent metabolism
Term
What do bacteria secrete? What do these cause?
Definition
toxins that cause tissue damage
Term
Can bacterial infections be treated with antibiotics?
Definition
yes, they are sensitive to antibiotics (for the most part)
Term
What are bacteria classified by? (2 things)
Definition
1.their shape
2.the color they stain
Term
What are group A streptococcal infections?
Definition
they are a virulent variety of streptococcal
Term
What enzymes do group A streptococcal bacteria secrete?
Definition
release enzymes that eat through tissue
Term
What are some diseases caused by Group A streptococcal bacterias? (3)
Definition
1.scarlet fever
2. strep throat (acute pharyngitis)
3.impetigo
Term
What are some immunologic sequelae possibilities of Group A streptococcal bacteria diseases? (2)
Definition
1.rheumatic fever
2.poststreptococcal glomerlonephritis
Term
What is impetigo?
Definition
pyogenic (pus-forning) skin infection
Term
What bacteria is impetigo caused by? (2)
Definition
1.Staphylococcus aureus
2.Streptococcus pyogenes
Term
What are Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes normal inhabitants of?
Definition
the skin
Term
Where do they bacteria that cause impetigo enter through?
Definition
abrasions
Term
What happens in impetigo?
Definition
vesicles form that rupture leaving crust
Term
What is the treatment for impetigo?
Definition
topical or systemic antibiotics
Term
What is the bacteria that commonly causes strep throat or pharyngitis?
Definition
Streptococcal pyogenes
Term
What is found in the tonsillar region in strep throat?
Definition
exudate of neutrophils
Term
What does strep throat cause?
Definition
lymphadenopathy
Term
What are the symptoms of strep throat?
Definition
-sore throat
-fever
-malaise
-elevated WBC
Term
How long does strep throat last?
Definition
self limiting, 3-5 days
Term
What can strep throat cause?
Definition
rheumatic fever
Term
What bacteria causes scarlet fever?
Definition
Streptococcal pyogenes
Term
What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
Definition
-pharyngitis
-red rash on skin
Term
What do the toxins produced by the bacteria that cause scarlet fever cause?
Definition
damage to the blood vessels
Term
Along with strep throat, what can scarlet fever develop in to?
Definition
rheumatic fever
Term
When does rheumatic fever occur?
Definition
2-3 weeks after infection with streptococcal pyogenes that is unproperly treated
Term
What happens in rheumatic fever?
Definition
heart tissues become inflamed
Term
What can rheumatic fever lead to?
Definition
scarring of the valve
Term
What valve is most commonly scarred in rheumatic fever?
Definition
mitral valve
Term
What can scarred valves lead to?
Definition
provide a place for bacteria to collect in subsequent bacteremias during dental procedures
Term
Do most people that have rheumatic fever have permanent damage?
Definition
no, most recover with no long term effects
Term
What bacteria causes MRSA infection?
Definition
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus arureus
Term
What are the two types of MRSA infections?
Definition
1.hospital associated
2.community associated
Term
What is MRS infection characterized by?
Definition
starts as small red papules, turn to painful abscesses
Term
What can happen in MRSA infections?
Definition
it can burrow deep causing life-threatening infections in..
-bone
-joints
-lungs
-heart valves
Term
What is the best way to prevent getting MRSA infection?
Definition
by washing your hands
Term
What bacteria is tuberculosis caused by?
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
What are mycobacterium infections known as?
Definition
among the oldest and treatment resistant infections known to man
Term
Where do aerobic bacilli survive?
Definition
in oxygen rich environments like the lungs
Term
How is TB spread? Where does the bacteria lodge?
Definition
spread by aerosols, lodge in alveoli where they multiply
Term
What leukocyte is not effective against TB?
Definition
macrophages
Term
What is the initial lesion of TB?
Definition
granuloma and infected lymph node
Term
What are the symptoms of TB?
Definition
-fever
-chills
-weight loss
-persistent cough
Term
What type of hypersensitivity halts the infection?
Definition
type IV
Term
How often does the TB infection become walled off and head?
Definition
95% of the time
Term
What happens to the other 5% of TB cases?
Definition
spread to other areas like the liver and spleen
Term
What can occur years later when immunity declines in TB?
Definition
reactivation of primary lesion
Term
Are oral lesions common in TB? If they arise what are they like?
Definition
-they are rare(about 3%)
-seen in tonsillar region, ulcer with indurated borders or swelling
Term
What tests for prior infection of TB?
Definition
PPD skin test
Term
What does a positive PPD skin test indicate?
Definition
a previous exposure
Term
95% of TB infections are..
Definition
asymptomatic and stopped in the lungs by the immune system
Term
What are used as a followup to a positive PPD skin test?
Definition
a chest x-ray
Term
What are the treatments for TB?
Definition
Old: isoniazid and rifampicin for 18-35 months
New: Short course chemothearpy (SSC) for 6-8 months
Term
What is another name for leprosy? What bacteria causes it?
Definition
-Hansen's disease
-caused by mycobacterium leprae (a myobacterium related to TB)
Term
How many people are infected world-wide by leprosy?
Definition
15 million, most in tropical climates
Term
What does Leprosy affect?
Definition
the skin and peripheral nerves in cool parts of the body(ears, nose, fingers, toes, scrotum)
Term
What does Leprosy cause?
Definition
palpable lumps of granulomas
Term
What can these granulomas from leprosy lead to?
Definition
over the years can lead to disfigurement from the bacterial infiltration and breakdown of tissue and scarring
Term
What is Sarcoidosis?
Definition
a granulomatous inflammation of unknown causee
Term
What does Sarcoidosis involve?
Definition
a cell-mediated immunity to so,e foreign material
Term
What happens to T-cells in sarciodosis? What does this form?
Definition
T-cells become sensitized and recruit macrophages, this forms giant cells!
Term
Where do granulomas in Sarciodosis occur?
Definition
in almost any organ but the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, and eyes are the most common
Term
What are the symptoms of Sarciodosis?
Definition
-fever
-malaise
-weight loss
-cough
Term
How is sarcoidosis treated?
Definition
with corticosteroids
Term
What is actinomyocsis caused by?
Definition
an infection with actinomyces israelii
Term
What is actinomyces israelii?
Definition
normal flora of the oral cavity
Term
Where do actinomyces israelii gain entrance to the connective tissue?
Definition
through wounds
Term
What happens in actinomycosis?
Definition
draining abscesses form that are encased in dense fibrous tissue
Term
What is the treatment for actinomycosis?
Definition
-drainage
-debridement of granulation tissue
-long term antibiotic therapy(may be longer than 12 months)
Term
What is syphilis caused by?
Definition
spirochete treponema pallidum
Term
How can syphilis be contracted?
Definition
usually through sexual contact but can be transmitted through blood and the placenta
Term
If syphilis is left untreated what happens?
Definition
progress through three stages
Term
What are the three stages of syphilis?
Definition
primary, secondary, tertiary
Term
How can syphilis be treated?
Definition
intramuscular injection of penicillin
Term
What is primary syphilis marked by?
Definition
the devlopment of a ulceration or chancre at the site of entry
Term
How quickly does a lesion rise after inoculation with primary syphilis?
Definition
2-3 weeks after inoculation
Term
Is syphilis infectious?
Definition
yes, highly infectious
Term
What are the lymph nodes like in primary syphilis?
Definition
non-tender regional lymphadenopathy
Term
What happens to the organism in the primary syphilis stage?
Definition
dissemination of the organism
Term
How long does it take the chancre seen with primary syphilis to heal?
Definition
3-8 weeks
Term
How quickly does secondary syphilis arise?
Definition
4-10 weeks after initial infection
Term
What are the lesions like in secondary syphilis?
Definition
generalized reddish, brown, macular skin eruptions
Term
What are the oral lesions found with secondary syphilis like?
Definition
mucous patch, appear as grayish white plaques covering ulcerations
Term
What else must be seen in secondary syphilis?
Definition
erythematous papules or nodules
Term
Is secondary syphilis highly infectious? After how long do the symptoms resolve?
Definition
-highly infective
-symptoms resolve in 3-12 weeks
Term
What does syphilis do after the second stage?
Definition
enters a latency period
Term
How long does this latency of syphilis last?
Definition
years, decades, life
Term
What damage can occur during tertiary syphilis?
Definition
irreversible cardiovascular and CNS damage
Term
What lesions occur during tertiary syphilis? Where do they occur?
Definition
localized destructive lesions called Gummas can occur anywhere
Term
What are Gummas like? Where are they usually found? Are they infectious?
Definition
-present as an area of rubbery necrosis and ulceration
-found on tongue and palate
-they are noninfectious
Term
When can syphilis be transmitted from a pregnant woman to the fetus?
Definition
after the 5th month
Term
What can congenital syphilis cause?
Definition
-stillborn
-death soon after delivery
-miscarriage
-birth defects
Term
What are some signs of congenital syphilis?
Definition
-enamel hypoplasia(Mulberry molars, Hutchison's incisors)
-deafness
-short maxilla
-high palate
-saddle nose
-irregular thickening of the clavicle
-saber shin
Term
What is a good screening tool for syphilis?
Definition
VDRL, is nonspecific and not highly sensitive for syphilis
Term
WHen is the VDRL strongly positive?
Definition
about 3 weeks and during the first 2 stages of syphilis
Term
Will total cure of syphilis always occur with penicillin?
Definition
not always because spirochetes can escape the antibiotics by hiding out int he lymph nodes and CNS
Term
After treatment for syphilis can reoccurance of active infection occur?
Definition
possible if person becomes immune compromised
Term
What bacteria is Gonorrhea caused by?
Definition
neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
What is the most common reportable bacterial infection in the US epidemic?
Definition
Gonorrhea
Term
How is gonorrhea spread?
Definition
by sexual contact, 20% from oral sex
Term
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
Definition
-mild to moderate sore throat
-diffuse erythemia, pustules on the tonsils
Term
What can gonorrhea spread from mother to child cause? What are babies treated with to prevent this?
Definition
-blindness
-infants treated with opthalmic erythromycin or silver nitrate
Term
What is the treatment of gonorhea?
Definition
ceftriaxone and doxycycline
Term
What is cat scratch disease caused by? What did it used to be believed to be caused by?
Definition
-caused by bacteria bartonella henselae(a small gram negative coccobacillus)
-people used to think it was caused by a virus
Term
What are the symptoms of cat scratch disease?
Definition
-small papule or pustule develops at site 3-10 days later
-lymphadenopathy develops 2 weeks later of the axilla or neck
Term
What happens to the overlying skin in cat scratch disease?
Definition
can become erythematous and fistulas develop as abscess formation occurs in the nodes
Term
How fast does cat scratch disease clear up? And are antibiotics recommended?
Definition
-clears up within 4 months
-antibiotics are not recommended in healthy patients
Term
What is one of the most common health complaints in the US?
Definition
sinusitis
Term
When does sinusitis occur?
Definition
when sinuses cannot drain into the nasal cavity
Term
Is sinusitis chronic?
Definition
can be acute or chronic
Term
What are the treatments for sinusitis?
Definition
-usually self limiting
-antibiotics for severe cases
-surgery often used for chronic cases to aid in drainage
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