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Infectious Diseases of the MS System
Chapter 25 Test 2
51
Pathology
Graduate
11/08/2011

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Term
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow cavity are caused by infectious microorganisms, mainly bacteria, but also fungi, viruses, or parasites.
Definition
Osteomyelitis
Term
Most cases of acute __ osteomyelitis are caused by bacteria
Definition
Purulent
Term
What is pyogenic osteomyelitis?
Definition
acute purulent (pus forming) osteomyelitis thats caused by bacteria
Term
The bacteria reaches the bones by one of what three routes?
Definition
1) Hematogenous dissemination from the original infection site, such as the urinary tract, skin, teeth, respiratory system, etc.
2) Direct extension from an acute infection site in the adjacent joint or soft tissue
3) Traumatic inoculation from a penetrating wound, compound (open) fractures, orthopedic surgical procedures or prosthetic implants
Term
Through the bloodstream
Definition
Hematogenous
Term
What is the most common pathogen?
Definition
Staphlococus Aureus
Term
A common pathogen in patients with sickle cell disease
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Mixed bacterial infections can cause what?
Definition
Traumatic Osteomyelitis
Term
Besides staphlococus aureus, name 5 other types of bacteria
Definition
B Streptococci
Pneumococci
Pseduomonas Aeruginosa
Haemophilus Influenzae
E. coli
Term
What are 5 risk factors for Pyogenic Osteomyelitis?
Definition
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Immunosuppressant usage, immunodeficiency, or spleen removal
3. Older adults with malignancy, malnutrition, and renal or liver failure
4. Intravenous drug abuse
5. Malnutrition
Term
What is the pathogenesis of Pyogenc Osteomyelitis?
Definition
Bacterial growth inside of bone results in bone destruction and formation of an abscess. The pus can spread within the bone or through the cartilage into the joint, or through the Hasversian canal of the compact bones to the skin
Term
What are the clinical manifestations for Pyogenic osteomyelitis in adults?
Definition
Present as local pain which is not relieved by rest, local swelling and redness, functional limitation, and low-grade fever
Term
How does spinal osteomyelitis present?
Definition
Intermittent or constant back pain, aggravated by motion and throbbing at rest; spinal tenderness and rigidity; limited ROM
Term
How does Pyogenic Osteomyelitis present in children?
Definition
Likely to have an acute, severe presentation. High fever, intense pain, local pain, edema, erythema, and tenderness. Local unexplained cellulitis could be a sign of osteomyeltitis
Term
Name 4 ways in which Pyogenic Osteomyelitis be diagnosed?
Definition
-Clinical presentation, medical history, and physical examination
-Radiography
-MRI
-Needle biopsy, aspiration, or swab to identify pathogen
Term
How can Pyogenic Osteomyelitis be treated?
Definition
-IV antibiotics
-Surgery to drain, exudate, or debride
-Infection that has spread to the joints is an orthopedic emergency because the articular cartilage can be damaged in a matter of hours
Term
Inflammation of vertebral disk, vertebral end plates, or both
Definition
Diskitis
Term
Can be self-limiting inflammatory process or a pyogenic infection
Definition
Diskitis
Term
In adults, what is the most common complication of discectomy, with incidence rate <3% post discectomy
Definition
Diskitis
Term
In children, what may be the source of a disk space infection?
Definition
Urinary Tract Infections
Term
What is the most common pathogen for Diskitis
Definition
Staphlococcus aureus
Term
What is a less common pathogen for Diskitis than staph?
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
What are the clinical manifestations for diskitis?
Definition
Fever, spinal pain, limping, or refusal to walk in children. Back pain ranges from mild to severe, worse with activity, rest does not relieve the pain
Term
Name 3 ways to diagnose diskitis?
Definition
Radiography
MRI
Bone scans
Term
How can diskitis be treated?
Definition
Antibiotics, Bed rest, casting, bracing, prophylactic antibiotics after spinal surgery for prevention of diskitis
Term
Inflammation of joint caused by bacterial infection, resulting in joint destruction and sepsis
Definition
Infectious Arthritis
Term
What are the 2 most common pathogens for infectious arthritis?
Definition
Staphlococus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
What are the infection routes for infectious arthritis?
Definition
Most common route is hematogenous; others include direct inoculation from wound or surgery, or extending from nearby infection
Term
What are some predisposing factors for infectious arthritis?
Definition
Alcohol abuse, IV drug abuse, immunodeficiency, other infectious diseases, diabetes
Term
What are the clinical manifestations of infectious arthritis?
Definition
Acute onset of joint pain, swelling, tenderness, and loss of motion. Fever or chills. Gonococcus arthritis affects mostly women, may produce skin lesion, tenosynovitis, and polyarthralgias
Term
How can infectious arthritis be diagnosed?
Definition
Clinical presentation, medical history, and physical examination. Joint fluid aspiration and culture
Term
How can infectious arthritis be treated?
Definition
-Joint infection is a medical emergency; joints can be destroyed in about 2 weeks after onset without medical treatment
-Hospital admission and treat with IV antibiotics
-Surgical drainage
-Joint rest: splinting, traction, or casting
-ROM exercise
Term
Inflammation of muscle caused by bacterial, viral, and/or parasitic agents, resulting in their minor self-limiting conditions or loss of ms function
Definition
Myositis
Term
What are the 2 most common pathogens for Myositis?
Definition
Staphlococus aureus and parasites such as trichinella
Term
Name 2 common forms of myositis
Definition
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Term
Inflammation of a number of voluntary muscles simultaneously
Definition
Polymyositis
Term
A progressive condition characterized by symmetric proximal muscular weakness with elevated muscle enzyme levels and a skin rash, (typically a purplish-red or heliotrope erythema on the face), edema of the eyelids and periorbital tissue; affected muscle tissue shows degeneration of fibers with a chornic inflammatory reaction
Definition
Dermatomyositis
Term
Presents with muscle weakness, malaise, fever, muscle swelling, pain, tenderness, and lethargy
Definition
Myositis
Term
Name 4 ways in which Myositis can be diagnosed
Definition
Medical History
EMG
Muscle biopsy
Lab values
Term
Name 2 ways in which myositis can be treated
Definition
Immunosuppressant
Muscular rehabilitation
Term
The most common pathogen for this infection is staphlococcus aureus; anaerobic bacteria infection from bites and in diabetics
Definition
Infection of bursae and tendon
Term
What are the clinical manifestations of infection of bursae and tendon?
Definition
Pain, swelling, loss of function, cellulitis
Term
How can infections of bursae and tendon be treated?
Definition
Antibiotics
Term
How many people in the US have skeletal TB?
Definition
15 million
Term
10-15% of TB is ___, in which 10% in skeletal
Definition
extrapulmonary
Term
How does skeletal TB spread?
Definition
Thru the bone
Term
Where are the most common affected sites for skeletal TB?
Definition
Lower thoracic and lumbar spine (also called Pott dz)
Term
Affects vertebral bodies and spreads to the disk and adjacent vertebrae
Definition
Skeletal TB
Term
What are the clinical manifestations of Skeletal TB?
Definition
-Vertebral deformity, collapse, and nerve root irritation producing back pain
-Secondary neurologic effects
-Cold abscess in the psoas muscle producing hip pain
Term
Name 4 ways in which skeletal TB can be diagnosed?
Definition
Radiography
CT and MRI
TB test
Tissue biopsy
Term
How can skeletal TB be treated?
Definition
-Pharmacologic tx for TB
-Rehab after orthopedic sx
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