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infancy and childhood dev. exam 3
final exam infancy and childhood.
96
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/09/2013

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Term
at what age do North American children typically get their first permanent tooth?
Definition
6 1/2 years.
Term
How many preschoolers have tooth decay?
Definition
30%
Term
Does tooth decay in baby teeth matter?
Definition
Yes, because it can affect the health of permanent teeth.
Term
By age 6, the brain is what percent of its adult weight?
Definition
90%.
Term
how does lead exposure in childhood impact mental test scores over time?
Definition
poorer mental test scores are associated with lead exposure.
Term
why does sleep contribute to body growth?
Definition
GH (growth hormone) is released during the child's sleeping hours.
Term
how does the social environment impact food preferences in early childhood?
Definition
Strong Influence. study about mom's drinking milk so child chooses to drink milk. Children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of people they admire, both adults and peers.
Term
What are tips for encouraging good nutrition?
Definition
Offer a varied, healthy diet; offer predictable meals as well as several snacks a day; offer small portions, and permit the child to serve themselves and to ask for seconds; offer healthy new foods early in a meal and repeatedly at subsequent meals, and respond with patience if the child rejects the food; keep mealtimes pleasant, and include the child in mealtime conversations; avoid using food as a reward and forbidding access to certain foods.
Term
what percent of annual deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious disease?
Definition
70%
Term
what percent of U.S. preschoolers are NOT fully immunized?
Definition
24%.
Term
children should be in a properly installed carseat until what age?
Definition
8.
Term
Name gross-motor skills for children ages 2-3.
Definition
walks more rhythmically; hurried walk changes to a run; jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body; pushes riding toy with feet; little steering.
Term
Name fine-motor skills for children ages 2-3.
Definition
puts on and removes simple items of clothing; zips and unzips large zippers; uses spoon effectively.
Term
Name gross-motor skills for children ages 3-4.
Definition
walks up stairs, alternating feet, and down stairs, leading with one foot; jumps and hops, flexing upper body; throws and catches with slight involvement of upper body; still catches by trapping ball against chest; pedals and steers tricycle.
Term
Name fine-motor skills for children ages 3-4.
Definition
fastens and unfastens large buttons; serves self food without assistance; uses scissors; copies vertical line and circle; draws first picture of person, using tadpole image.
Term
Name gross-motor skills for children ages 4-5.
Definition
walks down stairs, alternating feet; runs more smoothly; gallops and skips with one foot; throws ball with increased body rotation and transfer of weight on feet, catches ball with hands; rides tricycle rapidly, steers smoothly.
Term
Name fine-motor skills for children ages 4-5.
Definition
uses fork effectively; cuts with scissors following line; copies triangle, cross, and some letters.
Term
Name gross-motor skills for children ages 5-6.
Definition
increases running speed; gallops more smoothly, engages in true skipping; displays mature throwing and catching pattern; rides bicycle with training wheels
Term
Name fine-motor skills for children ages 5-6.
Definition
uses knife to cut soft food; ties shoes; draws person with six parts; copies some numbers and simple words.
Term
At what age can children put on and take off simple items of clothing?
Definition
2
Term
at what age can children dress and undress themselves well enough to take care of toileting needs by themselves?
Definition
3
Term
at what age can children dress and undress without supervision?
Definition
between 4 and 5.
Term
at what age can children use a fork?
Definition
4
Term
at what age can children use a knife to cut soft foods?
Definition
between 5 and 6.
Term
What are cultural variations in development of drawing?
Definition
in cultures with rich artistic traditions, children create elaborate drawings that reflect their culture. in cultures with little interest in art, even older children produce simple forms. these forms seem to be a universal beginning in drawing.
Term
What is the most flexible means of mental representation according to Piaget?
Definition
Language.
Term
what is the relationship between sociodramatic play and social competence?
Definition
preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.
Term
What is the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking according to Piaget?
Definition
egocentrism
Term
when young children converse with adults, how many questions do they ask on average?
Definition
more than 1 per minute.
Term
when young children ask questions, is it typically for attention or for information?
Definition
70-90% of questions are typically information-seeking.
Term
what is a major reason for improvement in sustained attention in early childhood?
Definition
a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal.
Term
what is a false belief?
Definition
beliefs that do not represent reality accurately.
Term
Give an example of a false belief.
Definition
a) an adult shows a child the contents of a Band-Aid box and of an unmarked box. The Band-Aids are in the unmarked container. B) the adult introduces the child to a hand puppet and asks the child to predict where the puppet would look for the Band-Aids and to explain the puppets behavior. The task reveals whether children understand that without having seen that the Band-Aids are in the unmarked container, the puppet will hold a false belief.
Term
what are some indications of emergent literacy?
Definition
Phonological awareness, as indicated by sensitivity to change in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation, is a strong predictor of emergent literacy. Pointing out letter-sound correspondences and playing language sound games. Interactive reading is also an indication.
Term
on average, how many words are in a child's vocabulary at age 2?
Definition
200 words.
Term
on average, how many words are in a child's vocabulary at age 6?
Definition
10,000.
Term
how do parents influence emotional understanding?
Definition
The more parents label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers, the more “emotion words” children use and the better developed their emotional understanding. Frequently acknowledge children's emotional reactions and talk about diverse emotions are better able to talk about others emotions.
Term
according to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, what leads to moral behavior?
Definition
avoidance of guilt
Term
what 3 factors increase the effectiveness of punishment?
Definition
consistency, a warm parent-child relationship, and explanations.
Term
what is the relationship between TV viewing in childhood and later aggression?
Definition
The more TV watched in childhood and early adolescence, the greater the annual number of aggressive acts committed by the young person.
Term
describe the association between gender identity and psychological functioning.
Definition
Gender identity is a good predictor of psychological adjustment. “masculine” and androgynous children and adults have higher self-esteem than “feminine” individuals. Because many feminine traits are not valued in our culture.
Term
By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are more likely to notice what?
Definition
instances of gender discrimination.
Term
describe maltreating parents.
Definition
they use ineffective discipline and hold a negatively biased view of their child.
Term
Define growth hormone.
Definition
A pituitary hormone that affects the development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.
Term
Define psychosocial dwarfism.
Definition
a growth disorder, usually appearing between 2 and 15 years of age, caused by extreme emotional deprivation. it is characterized by decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems, which help distinguish it from normal shortness.
Term
Define preoperational stage.
Definition
Piaget’s second stage, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical.
Term
Define sociodramatic play.
Definition
The make-believe play with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood.
Term
define dual representation.
Definition
the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
Term
define egocentrism.
Definition
failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own.
Term
define conservation
Definition
the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
Term
define centration
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features.
Term
define irreversibility
Definition
the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
Term
define private speech
Definition
self-directed speech that children use to plan and guide their own behavior.
Term
define scaffolding
Definition
adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. as competence increases, the adult gradually and sensitively withdraws support, turning responsibility over to the child.
Term
define guided participation.
Definition
shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication, thereby allowing for variations across situations and cultures. a broader concept than scaffolding.
Term
define scripts
Definition
general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, used to organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences.
Term
define emergent literacy
Definition
children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences.
Term
define ordinality
Definition
the mathematical principle specifying order relationships (more than and less than) between quantities.
Term
define cardinality
Definition
the mathematical principle stating that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set.
Term
define child-centered programs
Definition
preschool and kindergarten programs in which teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play.
Term
define academic programs
Definition
preschool and kindergarten programs in which teachers structure children's learning, teaching academic skills through formal lessons that often involve repetition and drill.
Term
define fast mapping
Definition
children's ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter.
Term
define mutual exclusivity bias
Definition
early in vocabulary growth, children's assumption that words refer to entirely separate, non-overlapping categories.
Term
define synaptic bootstrapping
Definition
figuring out word meanings by observing how words are used in syntax, or the structure of sentences.
Term
define overregularization
Definition
extension of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions.
Term
define semantic bootstrapping
Definition
using semantics, or word meanings, to figure out grammatical rules.
Term
define initiative vs guilt
Definition
in erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a healthy sense of purposefulness and through the development of a superego, or conscience, that is not overly strict or guilt-ridden.
Term
define self-concept
Definition
the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
Term
define self esteem
Definition
an aspect of self-concept that involves judgements about one's own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements. typically high in preschoolers.
Term
define nonsocial activity
Definition
unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play.
Term
define parallel play
Definition
a form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them.
Term
define associative play
Definition
a form of true social interaction in which children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another's behavior.
Term
define cooperative play
Definition
a form of social interaction in which children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.
Term
define induction
Definition
a type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others.
Term
define proactive aggression.
Definition
(instrumental). a type of aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire- to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult attention-and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal.
Term
define reactive aggression
Definition
an angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal that is intended to hurt another person. Also called hostile aggression.
Term
define gender typing
Definition
any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.
Term
define gender identity
Definition
an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics.
Term
define androgyny?
Definition
the gender identity held by individuals who score high on both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine personality characteristics.
Term
define gender constancy
Definition
a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of one's gender, including the realization that sex remains the same over time even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change.
Term
define authoritative child-rearing style.
Definition
a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance and involvement, emphasized adaptive control techniques, and includes gradual, appropriate autonomy granting.
Term
define authoritarian child-rearing style
Definition
a child-rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive and psychological control, and low in autonomy granting.
Term
define permissive child-rearing style
Definition
a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance but either overindulgent or inattentive, low in control, and inappropriately lenient in autonomy granting.
Term
define uninvolved child-rearing style
Definition
a child-rearing style that combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.
Term
define milk avoidance
Definition
milk-avoiders are shorter in stature and have a lower bone density. Adding sugar or salt in hopes of increasing a young child’s willingness to eat healthy foods simply strengthens the child’s desire for a sugary or salty taste. Similarly, offering children sweet fruit or soft drinks promotes “milk avoidance.”
Term
define autobiographical memory
Definition
representations of personally meaningful, one-time events.
Term
define theory of mind.
Definition
occurs around age 2; coherent set of ideas about mental activities. Including a clear grasp of others emotions and desires and knowing that others dislikes and likes differ from their own.
Term
define gender-schematic child
Definition
one who views the world in gender linked terms (masculine vs. feminine). if i'm a boy, is this what boys do? if not, i won't play with it.
Term
define gender-aschematic child
Definition
one who seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. looks at a toy and asks, do i like this toy.
Term
in what order do children learn to use utensils?
Definition
spoon, fork, knife.
Term
what child rearing style is most successful?
Definition
authoritative
Term
as preschoolers age, the focus of their conflicts shifts from what to what?
Definition
toys and other resources to differences of opinions
Term
what 2 things should be avoided as they make children so anxious that they cannot figure out what to do?
Definition
threats of punishment or withdrawal of love.
Term
are most cases of child abuse reported?
Definition
no
Term
what type of child abuse is most common among reported cases?
Definition
neglect
Term
who most commonly perpetrates child abuse?
Definition
parents
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