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1. Abu'l Fazl 2. Adi Granth/ Guru Granth Saheb |
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1. a great ulema to Akbar, a great Mughal Empire. He wrote the history of Akbar's rule, the Akbarnama, which many future leaders of India use as a guide to their rulership. Assassinated by Jahangir because he opposed Jahangir's rise to the throne 2. The holy book of Sikhism. It is known as the 11th guru, because the 10th guru, Gobind Singh realized that having a living guru caused destabilization within the communities. The Guru Granth Saheb rests on a throne in every Gurdwara.
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1. Vedic/ Hindu deity. The God of fire and acceptor sacrifice in the Vedic tradition. Agni was therefore the messenger to the gods as he brought the sacrifices to them 2. Sanskrit for non-violence. Has a long history in the subcontinent, as any form of violence can cause damage to the karma. Term used by Ghandi during his campaign to bring together hindus and muslims.
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1. Alexander the Great 2. Amritsar |
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1. Greek emperor who made an exploration all the way to India. The first westerner to 'make it' to India. Set up an outpost here. His ideas influenced the art of the area by making them more Greek like in nature, such as wearing Roman style dress, etc. 2. Location of the Golden Temple, which is the spiritual center of the Sikhs. In 1984, the Indian Army sent in troops to flush out the Sikh militants, known as Operation Bluestar.
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1.a discourse of royal ethics during the Mughal Empire that shaped the behavior of the Mughal emporers. Central one: the equitable dispensation of justice by the King amongst the empire's many groups.
2. Hindu hero from the Mahabarata. Did not want to fight against his relatives, but he was convinced by Krishna to do so. This conversation is known as the Bagavad-Gita. Was exiled with his brothers upon
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2. First of the Mughal empires in India. He defeated the last of the Sultans at Dehli in 1526 to gain control of the northern part of India. He was successful due to his use of cavalry as mobile artillery and his use of trickery in battle.
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1. Battle of Plassey 2. Bengali Language Martyrs |
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1. a decisive British East India Company victory over the local muslims of Bengal and his French allies, establishing British rule of India for the next two centuries. Significant because this could be considered the first fall of the Mughal empire to the British as they become the puppets of the British after this point. 2. On Februar 21, 1952, students were killed as they opposed the language implementations by West Pakistan on them. This date is still celebrated in Bengal as the first day that they rose up in an attempt to gain their freedom
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1. bhakti 2. Bhim Rao Ambedkar |
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1. Hindu term meaning devotion. A regionally specific movement to a specific deity. The goal of this is to share or posess or be united with a deity. 2. one of the first untouchables to gain a university degree. Was an advocate for the untouchables in India during the time of Ghandi, but opposed Ghandi in many ways. Wanted separate electorates for dalits, POONA PACT! Approached India's freedom in a secular manner and stressed civil rights for everyone. Forms a new sect of Buddhism due to the inequality of the Hindu religion. ALSO>>>chief architect of the Indian Constitution.
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1. BJP 2. Boota Singh and Zenib |
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1.Bharatya Janata Party (Indian People's party). A political party representing the idealogy of Hindu Nationalism....represents the VHP. Greatly involved in the building of a temple at the site of the Babri Mosque. In 1992 the mosque is demolished and the BJP government resigns in apology for the actions of the Hindu nationalists. 2. During partition a Muslim girl became separated from her family and a Sikh man finds her and they get married. The family finds out that she ended up in the wrong country and takes her back even though she has already established a new life. This example shows the confusion of partition and the tragedy of the division of countries.
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1.brahman 2. Brahmi Script |
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1. ultimate reality of the universe in the Vedic tradition. After some time started taking on the characteristics of a person....like the ultimate deity. 2. script of the edicts of Ashoka, a great Buddhist emperor. The script fell out of use quickly after the end of Ashoka's rule. It was finally deciphered by James Princep in 1837.
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1. Cabinet Mission Plan 2. caste |
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1. aimed to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership, providing India with independence. This plan was the last effort by the British to keep India as one country. It included a weak federal center with 3 cabinets, one Hindu, one Muslim, and one for princely states. Jinnah accepted this plan with the safeguard that it can be reformed, BUT Nehru rejects it...causes the 'final straw' of the partition. 2. A Hindu social construct consisting of members of the community taking on different roles and status. There are many castes in India as it depends on your class as well as your location/tribe. There are 5 varnas (categories). Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Sudras, and Untouchables. The caste system has long been questioned and multiple times attempts have been made to break it down. Now there is Article 17 which forbids discrimination based upon caste.
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1. chaitya hall 2. Communal Award of 1932 |
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1.a tribe identified as the enemies of the Aryan tribes in the Rigveda....the identity of this tribe has long been debated over because they may have been the original inhabitants or Persians entering from the outside 2. Muslim rulers of India between 1150 and 1526. 5 short lived administrations because the sultans did not try to change the roots. first rise of loyalty being more important than religion in the state.
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1. A religious cult founded by the Mughal Emperor Akbar which merged the ideas of prominent religions of India. Gave Akbar the aura of being extremely tolerant of most people. His intention was to merge the best elements of all the religions and reconcile the differences dividing his subjects 2. literally means suffering. This is a central concept in Buddhism. It is the focus of the four noble truths of Buddhism which state its nature, its cause, its cessation, and the path to its cessation. This path is known as the Noble Eightfold Path. Finding the way of cessation of duhkha is the means to achieve nirvana, the ultimate goal of Buddhism.
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1. First Partition of Bengal 2. first urbanization |
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1. A scheme made up by the British in an effort to 'divide and conquer' the area. In 1905, they divided Bengal into a mainly Hindu state in the west and a muslim state in the east. This was strongly opposed by many Indian peoples and caused more a rift between the Hindu and Muslim communities in the province. In 1911, the partition was rescinded. 2. Indus Valley Civilization, this culture had many cities near the Indus river in what is now North Eastern India and South Western Pakistan. There two largest settlements were Mohenjadaro and Harappa.
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1. second urbanization 2. third urbanization |
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1. occured from 800-500 BCE, large cities emerge, some script appears, trade occurs with Mesopotamia, this period gives rise to the Upanishads, Buddhism, and Jainism. 2.
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1. Forward Castes 2. Guptas |
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1. people who do not qualify for government quotas in India. Usually these people are economically sound and are from a traditionally higher level in the caste system. This is important to note because these people have often been scrutinized by outsiders as continuing an unfair system 2.dynasty from around 320 to about 500 CE and covered most of Northern India, the region presently in the nation of Pakistan and what is now western IndiaBangladesh. The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and Indian philosophy. The empire was taken over by the Hunas by about 500 CE
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1. Harijan 2. Jalianwallah Bag |
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1.Jamaat-i-Islami Party 2. Jina |
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1. Laws of Manu 2. kaivalya |
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1. encyclopedia of dharma (external laws that maintained the universe and the structure of human society). These laws championed social order and sided with the householders rather than the ascetics. Asceticism was subordinated and not priviledged. Gave the lay person an ability to play a more central role in religion as they had an option to acheive a better life. Part of the Vedic tradition. 2. Kaivalya, which is the ultimate goal of yoga, means solitariness or detachment. Explained to Arjuna by Krishna in the Bhagavad-Gita. Remains a central goal in the Hindu tradition.
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1. an Era set out in the Mahabdharata in which 'the cow only has one leg'. Meaning that this is the time of greatest human suffering and human weakness. We are presently in this era. It was ushered in by the Mahabharata War which was 5000 years ago. This era lasts 432,000 years according to the Hindu tradition. 2. district of Kashmir. In 1999, the 'half' war between India and Pakistan occured here as Pakistani militants crossed the cease fire line in what looked to be the beginning of an offensive. Both sides claimed victory in this 'battle' even though nothing really occured
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1. the ethno-national and social consciousness and cultural values of the Kashmiri people. Endorsed greatly by Sheikh Abdullah. characteristics: tolerant, composite identity, solidarity with all religions, Islam of the region influenced by Sufism, tolerant of women. This was all greatly affected by partition and a rise of radical Islamicism in the state has caused a decline in these values 2. in modern times it is the collective body of all baptized Sikhs. Formed by Guru Gobind Singh in response to the increased violence towards Sikhs. These original Khalsas wre a community of soldier-saints who were there to fight for righteousness. They had to follow the 'five ks'...1.no hair cutting; 2. special undies; 3. a sword; 4. iron bracelet; 5. a comb
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1. Krishna 2. Lahore Resolution |
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1. the charioteer and friend of Arjun in the Baghavad-gita/ the cosmic lord of all beings. Krishna shows Arjuna the true path to righteousness and convinces him to go into battle. Krishna synthesizes all other theories of religion to himself by claiming that all these things flow back to him. Krishna brings Hinduism to a more monotheistic vein as all action and worship come from and go to him. Krishna is depicted often with cows as he grew up as a cow herder. Stories of Krishna include his relationship with Radha, a cowherd girl who he fell in love with and his need to meet with her in the dead of night as she was married. 2. A Muslim League Resolution demanding autonomous states for Muslim peoples. This lead to the realization by the British that it would be difficult to reconcile the Hindus and Muslims and affected their decision in regards to the Cabinet Mission plan in which Muslim states would have had some autonomy
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1.Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 2. Magadha |
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1. a terrorist group in Sri Lanka fighting for the rights of the Tamil people formed in 1983 during the civil war in Sri Lanka. Brought on in response to the Official Languages Act which made Sinhala the only official language of Sri Lanka, effectively cutting out Tamils from universities and government jobs. The tigers refuse to use any religious language in their writing so as to not ostracize any subgroup 2. A region of ancient India located in present day western India, south of the Ganges including Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Seat of the powerful Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandragupta, which extended over most of Southern Asia under Asoka; and, later, of the powerful Gupta Empire. Area of great religious importance for both Jains and Buddhists
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1. Mandal Commission controversies 2. Maulana Azad |
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1. The commission was established in 1979 to identify the socially or educationally backward and establish affirmative action laws based on this. The Mandal Commission reserves seats for scheduled castes and tribes in governmental postions. Controversy arises in the fact that 'foward caste' members do not enjoy this priviledge and it is felt that many of these scheduled castes are overestimated. Also, the means by which these castes are scheduled remains fairly arbitrary and questionable as many of the reasonings are subjective 2. Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence movement. He was one of the most prominent Muslim leaders to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. The most prominent Muslim opponent of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan
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