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Immunology
DSE mini test
89
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
03/16/2012

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Cards

Term
Heteroanitgens
Definition
FB
Term
Autoantigens
Definition
self antigens (if have response to autoantigens = inappropriate response=autoimmune dz
Term
xenoantigens
Definition
tissue/cells from a different sp.

e.g. pig heart transplant to human
Term
Alloantigen
Definition
cells/tissue from another individual of the same sp. that isnt genetically similar

eg bone marrow donor, skin graft
Term
Properties of an effective antigen
Definition
1. foreign
2. >10kD molecular mass
3. insoluble/particulate
4. tertiary/compelx structure
5. charged residue (+/-)
6. chemically complex
7. biologically active (eg infectious agent that can divide, replicate, produce toxins, destroy tissue)
Term
hapten
Definition
<10kD =cant trigger immune response, but when conjugated with a large molecule (carrier protein = >10kD =new epitope =can activate an Ab response = an antigen.
Term
three possible parts of conjugated hapten immune system can respond to:
Definition
1. Hapten (common)
2. hapten and protein
3. protein (niave epitope)
Term
differences between antigen and immunogen...
Definition
...antigen = usually natural exposure whereas immunogen = tends to be purposefully injected i.e. for vacc.
Term
factors determining immunogenicity/ strength of immune response:
Definition
1. method of immunogen preperation
2. sp's (some breeds respond to vacc better than others)
3. dose (increasse dose = increase strength)
4. route of admin
Term
adjuvant
Definition
a substance that when combined to an antigen/immunogen increases immunogenicity/strength of immune response.
Term
some adjuvants allow a 'depot effect', what is this?
Definition
they allow slow release of the antigen/immunogen = ongoing stim and ongoing immune response
Term
freunds adjuvant
Definition
water in oil emulsion

Stim immune system and slowly releases immunogen/antigen
Term
complete freunds adjuvant
Definition
mix adjuvant with killed mycobacterium tuberculosis=even bigger better immune response
Term
almost all killed vacc have what adjuvant?
Definition
Alum adjuvant
Term
example of a molecular adjuavnt =
Definition
=cytokines
Term
types of Ig light chains+
Definition
1. kapa
2. lamda
Term
how many natural combinations of heavy and light chains are there?
Definition
10
Term
No. of Y units in IgG
Definition
1
Term
No. of Y units in IgM
Definition
5
Term
No. of Y units in IgA
Definition
2
Term
No. of Y units in IgD
Definition
1
Term
No. of Y units in IgE
Definition
1
Term
IgG:
a)hea
Definition
Term
IgG:
a)heavy chain =
b)valence =
c) actions =
Definition
a) gamma
b) 2
c) fixes complement, opsonin, binds to and neutralises toxins
Term
main Ig in secondary immune response =
Definition
IgG
Term
main serum Ig=
Definition
IgG
Term
IgD:
a)valence=
b)heavy chain=
c) where is it found?
d) function?
e) how many CH?
Definition
a) 2
b) delta
c)only on surface of immature B cells
d) unknown
e) 3
Term
IgA: a) valence= b) IgA in animal blood and mucosal secretions= c) IgA in human blood = d) if IgA is secreted what else does it have? e) function?
Definition
a) 4 if dimer with J chain, 2 if no J chain b)dimer with J chain c) no J chain d)a secretory component which prevents IgA dimer from being chopped up by enzymes secreted in mucosa e)mucosal immune defence, bind to and inhibit microbial attachment and colonistaion, neutralise toxins, weak opsonin
Term
IgM:
a)valence =
b)has a ? chain
c)no distinct hinge so moves around...
d)how many CH?
e) location?
f) important in...
Definition
a)10
B) ?=J
c) CH2 to CH3
d) 4
e) intravascular
f) bacteraemia
Term
function of IgM:
Definition
1. agglutinates Ag's
2. fixes complement
Term
main Ig in early immune response =
Definition
IgM
Term
IgE:
a) valence =
b) how many CH?
c)more common in humans or animals?
d)involved in...
e) found on...
Definition
a)2
b)4
c) animals
d) parasite rejection and allergies
e) mast cells and blood basophils
Term
certain reaction of IgE on mast cell can cause...
Definition
allergic dz
Term
Ab affinity
Definition
strength of binding between Ags epitope and Ig hand

(perfect fit = high affinty - strong interaction - strong reatcion)
Term
Ab avidity
Definition
The more Ig hands the Ig has to bind with Ag epitope, the stronger the reaction increase binding strength with multivalent binding = bonus effect
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
movement towards infection
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
allergic reaction (extreme/life-threatening)
Term
classical pathway of complement cascade a) complement order: b) activated by... c)complement binding domain=
Definition
a) C1 -> C4 -> C2 -> C3 b) binding of Ag and Ig c) C1 binding to CH2 domain of heavy chain when Ig is bound to Ag
Term
complements C4a, C2a and C3a carry out/cause...
Definition
...chemotaxis and anaphylaxia
Term
Lectin pathway of complement cascade
a) what takes C1s job in cleaving C4 and C2?
b) unlike classical pathway, the lectin pathway doesnt need...
Definition
a)mannan binding lectin
b)C1 or Ig
Term
name 2 cells that produce C3.
Definition
hepatocytes and macro
Term
2 phases of alternative pathway in complement cascade:
Definition
1. continually active/tick over phase/fluid phase
2. fully active phase in presence of a trigger factor (eg Ag surface).
Term
order of altenative pathway complementsand factors:
Definition

C3 - B - (D) - P(properdin) - C3

 

 

Term
terminal pathway of complement cascade:
a)complement order =
b) produces...
Definition
a) C5 - C6 - C7 - C8 - C9
b) MAC (mb attack complex)
Term
control of complememnt cascade by ? that breaks up MAC.
Definition
? = MAC inhibitor or CD59
Term
C1 inhibtior protein
Definition
dissociates C1r and C1s
Term
order of C1 subunit activation:
Definition
(2)C1q, C1r, C1s
Term
C4 binding protein
Definition
displaces C2b
Term
factor 1
Definition
breaks C4b into inactive forms - C4c and Cd

breaks C3b into inactive forms - C3c and C3d
Term
normal cells are protected against MAC/complement cascade via what protective molecules?
Definition
DAF, CRI, MCP

they disrupt C3 convertase
Term
C3 convertase
Definition

C4b + C2b

 

C3 convertase activates C3 causing it to break into C3b and C3a

Term
C5 converatse
Definition

C4b + C2b + C3b in classicial pathway

 

C3b, Bb, P (properdin) and another C3b in alternative pathway

Term
activate C3a and C5a R on smooth mm in airway =
Definition
restrict airway = asthma
Term
activate C3a, C5a and C2a R on mast cell =
Definition
mast cell degranulation
Term
C3a, C5a and C2a (bioactive substances) cause...
Definition

-local oedema (dilutes toxins)

-endothelial cell movement = increase perm of bvs

-WBC extravasation/diapedesis

-chemotaxis

-inflam response

Term
complement
Definition
series of plasma proteins which when activated interact sequentially, froming a self assembling enzymatic cascade
Term
complement = ? proteins
Definition
?=soluble
Term
end effects of complement cascade =
Definition
1. cell lysis 2. inflam 3. opsonisation 4. interactions with other pathways
Term
RBC's have a C3bR and therefore...
Definition
...can bind to pathogens and take them to the spleen where blood is cleaned and pathogen will be phagocytosed by macro. =Immune adherence (same effect as opsonistaion just diff. process)
Term
serology
Definition
the study of Ag-Ab binding/reactions in vitro
Term
what does serum AB show you?
Definition
1. evidence of exposure
2. shows whow severe infection is (more Ab = more severe)
3. show you if animal is recovering from infection or developing from infection by fall or rise in AB titre
Term
always more AB after infection than began with due to...
Definition
...memory cells
Term
Ab titre
Definition
measure of quantity of Ab present in serum sample
Term
Ab titre measurement =
Definition
=reciprocal of highest serum dilation with a + reaction

(reciprocal of 1/10 = 10)
Term
the higheer the Ab titre, the...
Definition
...more severe the infection
Term
4 types of serological tests:
Definition
1. agglutination
2. indirect immunofluorescence
3. ELISA test
4. Western blotting
Term
antiserum
Definition
inject rabbit with dog serum = rabbit produces antibodies against dog Ig, then bleed rabbit = antiserum (rabbit serum with anti-dogIg antibodies)
Term
sensitivity
Definition
the probability that the test will correctly identify animal as +

(correct + result)
Term
specificity
Definition
the probabiltiy the test will correctly identify -results
Term
+ive predictive value
Definition
the probabiltiy that an animal with a +ive test actually has dz
Term
-ive predictive value
Definition
the probability that an animal tested -ive is actually free from dz
Term
ELISA test can detect...
Definition
...Ab (more common) or Ag
Term
ELISA test basic runthrough
Definition
1. Ag of interest coated to bottom of well 2. + serum from dog want to test for exposure/infection of the Ag of interest 3. +antiserum (anti dogIg antibody conjugated with an enzyme)-and antiserum will bind to dog Ig 4.wash unbound antiserum out 5. + enzyme substrate = colour change if dog has been exposed to the Ag of interest (and has Ab's against this Ag) Also do a -ive control well = serum of a dog known not to have Ab to Ag of interest.
Term
complememt fixation test used to...
Definition
...see which animal has serum Ab = evidence of exposure to infection
Term
complement fixation test:
Definition
1. serum of exposed or non exposed dog 2. + Ag, and if been exposed will have Ab's which will bind to Ag 3. + complement (from another sp eg rabbit or Gpig). In exposed dog complement binds to Ig 4. + indicator system = sheep RBC's (SRBC's)coated in anti-SRBC antibosied 5. in exposed dog = no free complement = no RBC lysis=clear tube = + In unexposed dog = free complement = MAC cell lysis of RBC = red tube = -ive (work to Standard operating procedure so use right amount of complement so all bound to Ig and non spare complement)
Term
primary tissues of the immune system:
Definition
1. bone marrow
2. thymus
3. bursa of fabricus (birds)
4. ilial peyers patch
Term
secondary tissue of immune system
Definition

encapsulated:

-spleen

-LN's

 

unencapsulated:

 - mucosal lymphoid aggregates (resp. system, GIT, mammary glands, urogential tract, conjunctiva)

Term
primary lymphoid tissue = where...
Definition
...development of immune cells occurs.
Term
bone marrow = origin of...
Definition
...t and b cells
Term
Bcells mature in...
Definition
...bone marrow and ilieal peyers patches or bursa of fabricus if your a bird
Term
Bcell differentiation into plasma cells occurs in...
Definition
...bone marrow
Term
as get older size of ileal peyers patches...
Definition
...decreases
Term
birds equivalent of bone marrow =
Definition
bursa of fabricus
Term
when is the thymus biggest and most active?
Definition
in newborn
Term
Tcells mature in...
Definition
...thymus (extramedullary)
Term
CMIR involves what cells?
Definition
tcells
Term
humoral immune response involves what cells?
Definition
Bcells
Term
when fully matured, T and B cells populate...
Definition
...the blood, spleen and LN's
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