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Immunology
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233
Medical
Graduate
03/05/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
IL-1
Definition
Macrophages, Endothelial Cells, Dendritic cells, Langerhans cells

Stimulates IL-2 receptor emergence in T cells
Enhances B cell activation and clonal expansion
Induces IL-6
Chemotactic for neutrophils and macrophages
Enhances activity of NK cells
Term
IL-2
Definition
Th1 cells

T-cell growth factor, proliferation, enhanced activity
Activates NK and B cells
Term
IL-3
Definition
T cells, NK cells

Stimulates hematopoiesis - growth and differentiation
Term
IL-4
Definition
T cells (Th2)

Stimulated B cell class switch to IgG or IgE
Down-regulation of IFN-gamma
Upregulated MHC Class II expression
Term
IL-5
Definition
T cells (Th2)

Stimulate growth/differentiation of eosinophils
B-cell growth factor, induces class switch to IgA
Term
IL-6
Definition
Monocytes, T cells, Endothelial cells

Induces acute phase reactants in hepatocytes
Fever
Late B cell differentiation --> Plasma cells
Ab secretion
Term
IL-7
Definition
Bone marrow, Thymic stroma

Stimulates differentiation into pre-B and pre-T cells
Term
IL-8
Definition
Monocytes, Endothelial cells, Lymphocytes, FIbroblasts

Chemotactic factor for neutrophils and T cells - induces adherence to endothelium and extravasation
Term
IL-9
Definition
T Helped Cells

T-cell mitogen
Term
IL-10
Definition
Th2 Cells

Inhibits IFN-gamma synthesis by Th1 cells
Suppresses other cytokine synthesis by Th1 cells
Term
IL-11
Definition
Bone Marrow

Stimulates Hematopoiesis
Increases acute phase protein synthesis
Term
IL-12
Definition
Macrophages, B cells

Promotes Th1 differentiation into CTLs and INF-gamma synthesis
Stimulates NK cells and CD8+ cells to cytolysis
Acts synergistically with IL-2
Term
IL-13
Definition
Th2 cells

Inhibits inflammatory cytokines
Term
IL-15
Definition
T cells

T-cell mitogen
ENhances growth of intestinal epithelium
Term
IL-16
Definition
CD8+ cells, Eosinophils

Increases MHC Class II, chemotaxis, and CD4+ cytokines
Decreases antigen-induced proliferation
Term
IL-17
Definition
T cells
Increases inflammatory response
Term
IL-18
Definition
Activated macrophages

Increases IFN-gamma production and NK cell action
Term
TNF-alpha
Definition
Macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells

Mediates recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection
Cytotoxic for tumors
Mediates bacterial shock
Term
TNF-beta
Definition
T cells (Th1) and CTLs

Cytotoxic for tumors
Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils
Term
TGF=beta
Definition
All cells

Inhibits proliferation of T and B cells
Induces class switch to IgA
Decreases cytokine receptors
CHemotactic for leukocytes
Inflammation and tissue repair
Term
Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG/ALG)
Definition
Anti-thymocyte

Use: Induction Tx. prior to organ transplant - acute organ rejection

MOA: binds lymphocytes inhibiting cell function and trigger cell destruction

Contra: Increase risk for serious infections

Side effects: anti-ATG Ab response, CRS, bone marrow suppression
Term
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
Definition
Murine mAb

Use: Induction Tx.prior to transplant; reduces acute rejection

MOA: binds thymocytes & T cell CD3 proteins - triggers cell lysis

Contra: increases risk for serious infection - anti-mAb response

SIde effects: CRS, shock, seizures, pulmonary edema

Used infrequently
Term
Daclizumab
Definition
Anti-IL-2 Reeptor - "Humanized" mAbs

Use: Induction treatment, acute organ rejection

MOA: bind IL-2 receptor alpha-subunit - prevents T cell activation

Contra: acute hypersensitivity, CRS

Side effects: modest CRS, increased risk of infections
Term
Basiliximab
Definition
Anti-IL-2 Reeptor - "Humanized" mAbs

Use: Induction treatment, acute organ rejection

MOA: bind IL-2 receptor alpha-subunit - prevents T cell activation

Contra: acute hypersensitivity, CRS

Side effects: modest CRS, increased risk of infections
Term
Human IgG (I.G.I.V)
Definition
Normal human IgG Antibodies

Use: Immunodeficiency treatment, bone marrow transplant, autoimmune crisis

MOA: serves as replacement IgG and suppresses autoimmune responses

Side effects: headache, myalgia - risk of viral contamination
Term
Rho(D) Immune Globulin, IgG
Definition
Rho(D)-factor directed human IgG Abs

Use: Admin. to RhoD negative mother with positive child

MOA: BLocks recognition of blood cell ThoD positive protein

Side effectsL allergy response, rarely anaphylaxis
Term
Anakinra
Definition
IL-1 Receptor Antagonist

Use: Moderate to Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis

MOA: Binds IL-1 receptor, blocks IL-1 binding and T cell activation

Contra: no to be administered if allergic to E. Coli-derived proteins

Side effects: increased risk of serious infections

- 2nd line Tx. for std. treatment in unresponsive patients
Term
Etanercept
Definition
Anti-TNF-alpha humanized mAbs

Use: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease

MOA: binds TNF-alpha, prevents inflammatory responses

Contra: presence of dormant TB or fungal infection

Side effects: Resurgence of TB and fungal infection - rare lymphomas
Term
Infliximab
Definition
Anti-TNF-alpha humanized mAbs

Use: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease

MOA: binds TNF-alpha, prevents inflammatory responses

Contra: presence of dormant TB or fungal infection

Side effects: Resurgence of TB and fungal infection - rare lymphomas
Term
Adalimumab
Definition
Anti-TNF-alpha humanized mAbs

Use: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease

MOA: binds TNF-alpha, prevents inflammatory responses

Contra: presence of dormant TB or fungal infection

Side effects: Resurgence of TB and fungal infection - rare lymphomas
Term
Rituximab
Definition
Anti-lymphocyte mAb

Use: Aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

MOA: binds B-cell protein CD20, induces lysis and apoptosis

igh risk of hematologic toxicity and infections

Contra: prior infusion reaction

Side effects: acute infusion rxn, CRS, tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
Term
Alemtuzumab
Definition
Anti-lymphocyte mAb

Use: Chemotherapy - refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

MOA: binds B & T cell protein CD52, induces lysis and apoptosis

Contra: Prior infusion reaction

Side effects: lymphopenia, neutropenia, anemia, infusion reaction

High risk of hematologic toxicity and infections
Term
rIFN-alpha-2a
Definition
Interferon

Use: Hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hepatitis C

MOA: binds IFN-alpha receptor, antiviral, anti-proliferation

Side effects: CRS potential, injection site rxns
Term
rIFN-alpha-2b
Definition
Interferon

Use: Hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hepatitis C

MOA: binds IFN-alpha receptor, antiviral, anti-proliferation

Side effects: CRS potential, injection site rxns
Term
rIFN-beta-1a
Definition
Interferon

Use; genital warts, Kaposi sarcoma; A-type multiple sclerosis

MOA: binds IFN-beta receptor, antiviral, anti-proliferation

Contra: No in children <18 - reports of suicide

Side effects: CRS, Altered menstrual cycle and moods, decreases steroid hormones
Term
rIFN-beta-1b
Definition
Interferon

Use; genital warts, Kaposi sarcoma; A-type multiple sclerosis

MOA: binds IFN-beta receptor, antiviral, anti-proliferation

Contra: No in children <18 - reports of suicide

Side effects: CRS, Altered menstrual cycle and moods, decreases steroid hormones
Term
rIFN-gamma-1b
Definition
Interferon

Use: Chronic granulomatous disease

MOA: binds IFN-gamma receptor and stimulates granulocyte function

Side effects: CRS, injection site rxns
Term
TH1 Cells
Definition
Produce IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF
Term
Aziothioprine
Definition
Anti-metabolite

Use: Organ rejection; Autoimmunity (Arthritis, Crohn’s disease); Isoimmunities
- It’s products are immunosuppressive, cytotoxic antimetabolites – Esp. T and B cell proliferation

MOA – Pro-drug. Inhibits purine and DNA synthesis (S-phase specific)
Term
Cyclophasphamide
Definition
Cytotoxic Agent

Use: Autoimmune responses (Lupus, Wegener’s granulomatosis, nephritic syndrome); Cancers (Lymphomas/Chronic Leukemia)

Suppresses T and B cell proliferation

MOA: covalently reacts with nucleotide bases/proteins. Crosslinks DNA bases

Side Effects: All proliferating cells are sensitive to its actions (Esp. bone marrow and mucosal cells); Carcinogenic and Secondary malignancies may develop; Teratogenic
Term
Cyclosporin
Definition
Antibiotic
Most responsible for increasing patient survivability after organ transplant.

Use: Organ rejection; Autoimmunity

MOA: Binds to cyclophilin which downregulates the phosphate activity of Calcineurin (downregultes IL-2 and other cytokine production

Side effects: Renal toxicity, HTN, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, GI distress, hirsutism, increased statins

- Metabolized by p450, Long t1/2
Term
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)
Definition
Anti-Metabolite

Use: Control rejection after organ transplant

MOA: Pro-drug- Hydrolyzes to an immunosuppressive reversible enzyme inhibitor or antimetabolite in T and B cells (S-phase specific); Blocks purine and DNA synthesis; Initiaties apoptosis

Side effects: GI disorders, diarhhea, nausea, vomiting, CRS, Teratogenic, Myelosuppression (with leucopenia)

BAD: Progressive Multifocal Leukeoencephalopathy – attacks the brain and CNS – fatal
Term
Prednisone
Definition
Corticosteroid

Use: Organ rejection; Autoimmunities; Cancers; Inflammatory disease

Non-cytotoxic, affects receptor-mediated events; General anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

Actions: 1) Transient reduction in circulating lymphocytes; 2) T-cell activation inhibition; 3) PLA2 inhibition (downregulated prostaglandins, leukotrienes - inflammatory agents)
Term
Sirolimus
Definition
Antibiotic

Use: organ rejection, autoimmunity

MOA: Complexes and binds to mTOR to inhibit a kinase system to decrease cell growth and proliferation.

Side effects: bone marrow suppression, little renal toxicity. NOT approved for liver or lung transplantation
Term
Tacrolimus
Definition
Antibiotic

Use: Organ rejection, autoimmunity

MOA: Downregulates the transcription processes (via calcineurin) that normally woulda been upregulated

Side effects: renal toxicity, HTN, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, GI distresss, neurotoxic, T1DM
Term
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Definition
Defect in Phagocytic Cells
- Deficiency in NADPH Oxidase subunit --> Failure to make superoxide anion and other O2 radicals

Symptoms: Recurrent infections with catalase-positive bacteria
Term
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Definition
Defect in Phagocytic cells
- Granule Structural defect
Symptoms: Recurrent infection with bacteria; chemotactic and degranulation defects; Absent NK activity; Partial albinism
Term
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
Definition
Defect in Phagocytic Cells
- Granule Enzyme Deficiency

Symptoms: Mild or none
VERY COMMON - often unnoticed
Term
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Definition
Defect in Phagocytic Cells
- Absence of CD18 - common beta chain of leukocyte integrins

Symptoms: Recurrent and chronic infections; No pus; Do not reject umbilical cord stump
Term
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Definition
Defect of Humoral Immunity
- Deficiency of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase that blocks B cell maturation
Symptoms: Low Ig of all classes; No circulating B cells; Pre-B cells in bone marrow in normal numbers; Normal cell-mediated immunity
Tx: monthly IgG replacement
Term
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Definition
Defect of humoral Immunity
- Delayed onset of normal IgG synthesis
Symptoms: detected in 5-6th mos; resolved by 16-30 mos; Susceptible to pyogenic bacteria
Tx: Antibiotics and IgG replacement in severe cases
Term
Selective IgA Deficiency
Definition
Defect of humoral immunity
- Deficiency of IgA (most common)
Symptoms: Repeated sinopulmonary and GI infections
Tx: ANtibiots (NOT IgGs)
Term
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
Definition
Defect or humoral immunity
- Cause unknown
Symptoms: Onset in late teen/early 20s; B cells present in peripheral blood; Ig levels decrease with time; Increased Autoimmunity
Tx: Antibiotics
Term
X-Linked HyperIgM Syndrom
Definition
Defect of humoral immunity
- Deficiency of CD40L on activted T cells (Can't activate B cells)
Symptoms: High titers of IgM w/o other isotypes; Normal B and T cell numbers; Susceptible to extracellular bacteria and opportunists
Tx: Antibiotics and IgG
Term
Deficiency of Complement Components - Classical Pathway
Definition
Deficiency of C1, C2, or C4
SIgns: Marked increase in immune complex disease; increased infections with pyogenic bacteria
Term
Deficiency of Complement Components - Alternative Pathway
Definition
Deficiency of Factor B or Properdin
Symptoms: Increased Neisseria infections
Term
Deficiency of Complement Components - Both Pathways
Definition
Deficiency of C3
Symptoms: Recurrent bacterial infections; immune complexes diseases
Term
Deficiency of Complement Components - Both Pathways
Definition
Deficiency of C5, C6, C7, or C8
Symptoms: Recurrent meningococcal and gonococcal infections
Term
Deficiency of Complement Regulatory Proteins
Definition
Deficiency of C1-INH

Symptoms: Overuse of C1, C4, or C2; Edema at mucosal surfaces
Term
Deficiency of Complement Regulatory Proteins
Definition
Deficiency of Decay-activating factor or homologous restriction factor
Symptoms: Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria
Term
Digeorge Syndrome
Definition
Selective T cell Deficiency
- Blocks T cell maturation: Stem Cell --> Pro-T
- Failure of formation of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, Thymic aplasia
Symptoms: Facial abnormalities; HypoPTH; Cardiac malformations; Depressed T cell numbers; Absence of T cell response
Term
MHC Class I Deficiency
Definition
Selective T-Cell Deficiency
- Failure of TAP molecules to transport peptides to ER
Symptoms: CD8+ cell deficiency; CD4+ cells normal; Recurring viral infections; Normal DTH; Normal Ab production
Term
WIskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Definition
Combined partial T and B cell deficiency
- Defect in cytoskeletal glycoprotein
- X-linked
Symptoms: Defective response to bacterial polysaccharides; Depressed IgM; Gradual loss of humoral and cellular responses; Thrombocytopenia; Eczema
Term
Ataxia Telangectasia
Definition
Combined partial T and B cell deficiency
- Defect in kinase involved in cell cycle
Symptoms: Ataxia (gait abnormalities); Telangectasia (capillay distortions in eye); Deficiency of IgA and IgE production
Term
SCID - Defect in common gamma chain of IL-2 receptor
Definition
Complete functional B and T cell deficiency
- X-linked
- Blocks T cell maturation: Stem Cell --> Pro-T
Symptoms: Chronic diarhhea; Skin, mouth, throat lesions; Opportunistic (fungal) infections; low levels of circulating lymphocytesl cells unresponsive to mitogens
Term
SCID - Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Definition
- Blocks T and B cell maturation: Stem Cell --> Pro-B or Pro-T
Symptoms: Chronic diarhhea; Skin, mouth, throat lesions; Opportunistic (fungal) infections; low levels of circulating lymphocytesl cells unresponsive to mitogens
Term
SCID - Defect in signal transductin from Tcell IL-2 receptors
Definition
Symptoms: Chronic diarhhea; Skin, mouth, throat lesions; Opportunistic (fungal) infections; low levels of circulating lymphocytesl cells unresponsive to mitogens
Term
SCID - Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome/MHC Class II Deficiency
Definition
Symptoms: T cells present and responsive to nonspecific mitogens; No GVHDl Deficiency in CD4+ T cells, HypoIgG
Term
Sterile Organs (No resident Microflora)
Definition
Lungs, Liver, Bile, Conjunctive (very few), Pancreas, Bladder (very few), Kindeys, Uterus
Term
Acute Inflammation Sequence
Definition
PART OF INNATE RESPONSE
1: Tissue Injury - chemical, physical, biological agents
2: Vasodilation - delivery of neutrophils, phagocytes, plasma proteins
3: Increased permeability - Exudate with complement and Igs enter injured area
4: Emigration of Leukocytes - Neutrophils/Macrophages adhere to endothelial cells of capillaries; Leukocytes extravasate
5: Chemotaxis - Neutrophils and marophages move to site of injury
6: Phagocytosis - bacteria endocytosed, degraded by O2 radicals and enzymes
Term
Gram Positive Bacteria
Definition
Cell wall = PG and Pipoteichoic acid
Term
Gram Negative Bacteria
Definition
Cell = LPG and lipopolysaccharide
Term
Toll-Like Receptors (Signaling Receptors)
Definition
On macrophages/neutrophils
- Binding of TLRs on host cells to microbial patters direct subsequent inflammatory response -- Cytokine released (TypeI IFNs, inflammatory cytokines)
- Get fever, flu-like symptoms
- Ultimately, T and B cells are activated
Term
O2-dependent killing
Definition
1) NADPH oxidase reduces molecular O2 to superoxide
2) Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide to H2O2
3_ Myeloperoxidase (via granule fusion) converts Cl- into highly toxic hypochlorous ions
Term
O2-independent killing
Definition
Kill by:
-pH changes in phagolysosomes
-digestion via lysosomal enzymes
-action of bactericidal proteins (Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, Antimicrobial cationic proteins)
Term
Actions of Complement
Definition
- Cellular lysis
- Opsonization - C3b
- Release of inflammatory mediators
-Anaphylatoxins - C5a, C3a - increase vascular permeability
-Chemotactic factor for neutrophils
(C5a)
Term
Classical Pathway - Complement
Definition
Initiated by Igs
- Abs bound to bacteria activate complement (C3b binds to bacteria to assist in phagocytosis by neutrophils)
- Engulfment is mediated by Fc receptors on neutrophils and complement receptors on bacteria
Term
Alternative Pathway-Complement
Definition
Initiated by microbes
- Factor B, Factor D, Properdin
Term
Lectin Pathway-Complement
Definition
Initiated by Mannose-binding lectin
- Mannose Binding Lectin, C2, C4
Term
Steps of Classical Pathway
Definition
1) IgG binds to microbe
2) C1 binds IgG and converts C4 --> C4a and C2 --> 2b forming C3 convertase
3) C3 convertase: C3 --> C3b + C3a
4) binds C3 convertase to make it C5 convertase
5) C5 convertase: C5 --> C5a + C5b
6) Formation of MAC
Term
Steps of Alternative Pathway
Definition
1) C3 --> C3b, which binds to microbe
2) Factor B + C3b + Factor D makes stable C3 convertase
- Rest of pathway same as Classical
Term
Steps of Lectin Pathway
Definition
1) MBL causes C2 + C4 --> C3 Convertase
- Rest of pathway same as Classical
Term
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
(Type 1 Interferons)
Definition
IFN-alpha: from leukocytes/other cells
IFN:beta: from fibroblasts
1) Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
2) Increase expression of ligands for receptors on NK cells
3) Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
Term
Transudate
Definition
Fluid leakage
Increased hydrostatic pressure (Venous outflow obstruction, congestive heart failure)
Decreased colloid pressure (decreased protein synthesis - liver disease, or increased protein loss - kidney disease)
Term
Exudate
Definition
Fluid and protein leakage
- A part of inflammation
- Vasidilation, stasis, and increased interendothelial spaces
Term
Extravasation
Definition
1) Rolling - Selectins
2) Adhesions - Integrins
3) Transmigration - PCAM-1 (CD31)
Term
Systemic effects of Cytokines
Definition
Low quantity: Local inflammation (phagocyte activation, endothelial activation, complement activation)
Moderate: SYstemic effects (Fever, acute-phase reactants, leukocytes)
High: Septic Shock (low cardiac output and peripheral resistance, DIC, blood vessel injury, ARDS)
Term
Fever
Definition
Controlled by brain
Mediated by TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6
- Causes: infections, toxins, immune complexes, neoplasia
Term
Inflammatory Cytokines
Definition
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-10
MCP
Term
C Type Lectin Receptors
Definition
Carbohydrate-binding proteins
Dectin, Mannose Receptor, Mincle, CLEC, Mannose Binding Protein
- Recognize: Mannans, Beta glucans, Mannose
- Actions: phagocytosis, complement activation, induce signal to promote inflammation
- Found on cell surface
Term
Nucleotide Binding and Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like Receptors
Definition
NOD 1, NOD 2, NLRC, NOD-like receptors 1-9
- Recorgnize: Bacterial/Viral DNA, Viral RNA, bacterial toxins, Flagellin, Fragments of PG, Monosodium urate, Asbestos, UV irradiation
- Actions: Promote inflammation, trigger cel; death, formation of inflammasome
- Found intracellularly
Term
Toll Receptors
Definition
TLR 1-10
- Recognize: PG, Lipoproteins, Lipopolysaccharide, DNA, RNA, Flagellin
- Action: Promote inflammation, release Type 1 interferons
- Found on cell surface and within cell
Term
Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene-1 Like Receptors (RLR/RIGs)
Definition
RIG-1, MDA5, LGP2, IPS-1
- Recognize: Viral RNA and DNA (Influenza A/B, Rabies, Hep. C, West Nile, Respiratory Syncytial virus)
- Actions: Signaling generation of Type I interferons (important in controlling viral replication)
- Found intracellularly
Term
Fc
Definition
The part of heavy chain of Igs that mediates biological acitivity
- It's where complement binding occurs
- Its where Ab gets bound to macrophage to allow destruction of antigen its bound to
Term
Hybridomas
Definition
- Made when you fuse normal B cells with myeloma cells
- Kill off only myeloma cells and you're left with hybridomas
- See which ones bind antigen -- make mAbs
Term
IgG
Definition
Most abundant in normal serum
- Important in Memory (secondary) response
- Opsonization
- Activates Complement
- Crosses the placenta (lasts until about 9 months after birth)
Term
IgM
Definition
First Ab present in Primary immune response
- Mostly in the bloodstream
- Activates complement
Highest Avidity (pentamer - 10 Ag-binding sites)
Term
IgA
Definition
Secretory IgA is a dimer (J chain) - found in breast milk, and in lumens
- Associated with mucosal (secretory) immunity
Term
IgD
Definition
Found mostly on surface of B cells
- Most important as a cellular receptor
- Marker of B cell maturity
Term
IgE
Definition
Trace levels in serum
- Role in allergies (immediate hypersensitivity)
- IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells
Term
Direct Coombs Test
Definition
Ab-coated RBCs from baby's blood + Anti-human Ig --> Agglutination of RBC
- Tests for presence of RBCs with ANti-Rh Abs coating them
Term
Indirect COombs test
Definition
RBCs not coated with Abs + serum with Ab to RBC = b-coated RBC + Anti-human Ig --> Agglutination of RBC
- Tests for presence of ANti-Rh Abs in maternal serum
Term
Light Chain
Definition
Has V and J variable regions
Term
Heavy Chain
Definition
Has V, D, and J variable regions (D+J is joined first)
Term
B cell Development
Definition
Stem Cell
Pro-B: Germline DNA, No Ig
Pre-B: Recombined H chain gene, mu mRNA
Immature B: Recombined H chain gene, light chain gene, mu and kappe or gamma mRNA,IgM
Mature B: ALternative splicing of primary transcript to form Cmu and Cdelta mRNA, IgM and IgD
Term
CD40L
Definition
Signal from Helper T cells that stimulates Ig class switching in activated B cells
IgM --> IgG or IgE
Term
B Cell deficiencies
Definition
SIgns: absent, reduced follicles and germinal centers in lymphoid organs; Reduced serum Ig
Commmon consequences: Pyogenic bacterial infections
Term
T cell deficiencies
Definition
Reduced T cell zones in lymphoid organs; reduced DTH reactions to common Ags; Defective T cell proliferative responses to mitogens in vitro
Common consequences: Viral/other intracellular microbial infections; Virus-associated malignancies
Term
Innate Immune deficiencies
Definition
Susceptible to pyogenic bacterial infections
Term
T Cell Receptors
Definition
Univalent
Heterodimer (alpha and beta chain)
V and C domain (beta chain has V, D, and J, alpha chain has V, and J)
Membrane bound, not secreted
No class switching
- The receptor itself does not perform effector functions
- REcognizes peptides displayed by MHC molecules on APCs
Term
TCR diversity
Definition
Multiple germline V regions
Combinatoria (Recombination of V and J, or V, D, and J regions)
Junctional DIversity - imprecise recombination at junctions, N-region diversification (TdT)
NO somatic hypermutation
Term
Ig DIversity
Definition
Multiple germline genes
Primary recombination of gene segments (mix and match V, D, and J regions)
Junctional diversity - imprecise recombination at junctions, N-region diversification (TdT)
Somatic hypermutation (mostly in hypervariable region of V genes)
Term
T cell development
Definition
Stem Cell
Double Negative Pro-T: CD4-/CD8-
Pre-T
Double Positive Immature T: CD4+/CD8+
Single Positive Mature T: CD4+ OR CD8+
Term
Selection for Mature T cells
Definition
Weak recognition of MHC Class II + Peptide = Mature CD4+ T cell
Weak recognition of MHC Class I + Peptide = Mature CD8+ T cell
No recognition of MHC + Peptide = Apoptosis (death by neglect)
Strong recognition of either MHC class + peptide = Apoptosis (negative selection)
Term
ACtions of T cells
Definition
CD8+ T cell + Virus-infected cell = Dead virus-infected cell
CD4+ T cell + Macrophage = Release of cytokines and activated macrophage
CD4+ T cell + B cell = release of cytokine and plasma cell + Abs
Term
MHC Class II - Processing of Antigen
Definition
1) Uptake of extracellular proteins by APC
2) Processing in endosomal/lysosomal vesicle
3) Biosynthesis and transport of MHC Class II molecule to endosome
4) Processed peptides bind to MHC Class II molecules in vesicles (DM removes CLIP from peptide-binding site)
5) Expression of peptide-MHC complex on cell surface
Term
MHC Class I - Processing of Antigen
Definition
1) Production of proteins in the cytosol
2) Proteolytic degradation of proteins
3) Transport of peptides into ER (by TAP)
4) Assembly of peptide-MHC complex in ER
5) Surface expression of peptide-MHC complexes
Term
Binding of MHC to T cells
Definition
CD8 binds the alpha3 domain of MHC class I
CD4 binds the Beta2 domain of MHC Class II
TCR binds to the peptide-binding region of the MHC molecule
Term
MHC Class I Molecules
Definition
Heterodimer: Alpha (a1, a2, a3) and Beta2-microglobulin (only one allele) - alpha spans membrane
- 6 Possibilities if heterozygous at all loci
- Peptides lie in peptide-binding groove in extended structure
- Peptide-binding groove: one alpha polypeptide, more specific for peptide size than class II
- HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
Term
MHC Class II Molecules
Definition
Heterodimer: Alpha (a1, a2) and Beta (b1, b2) - both span membrane
- 12 possibilities if heterozygous at all loci
- Peptides lie in peptide-binding groove in extended structure
- Peptide-binding groove: 1/2 alpha, 1/2 beta polypeptide. Ends are farther apart, tend to bind longer peptides than Class II
- HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA_DR
Term
MHC CLass I Cell DIstribution
Definition
T cells, B cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils
- Thymic and kidney epithelium, liver hepatocytes, brain
Term
MHC CLass II cell Distribution
Definition
Some T cells, B Cells, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Thymic epithelium
Term
Effector Functions of Igs
Definition
Complement fixation
Phagocyte Binding (Opsonization)
- Also neutralizes toxins/microbes
Term
Activating T cells
Definition
1) Adhesion (non-specific) Integrins, LFA-1
2) Ag Recognition - TCR:MHC-Peptide
3) Co-stimulation - CD28 (T cell)-B7 (APC)
Term
CD40
Definition
Expressed on B cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, , dendritic cells
- Bind CD40L
- Role in T-cell dependent B cell, macrophage dendritic cell, and endothelial cell activation
Term
IFN-gamma
Definition
Th1, CTLs, NK cells

Enhances activity of macrophages
Increases expression of MHC Class I and II in many cell types
Inhibits proliferation of Th2 cells
Term
Pathogens
Definition
Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, Viruses
Term
Neutrophil - histology
Definition
Numerous granules (used to destroy bacteria)
Segmented nucleus (polys, segs)
Salmon-colored cytoplasm, no basophilia
Shortest T1/2 (1-3 days)
Term
Eosinophil - histology
Definition
Numerous large granules with central crystalloid region
Bi-lobed nucleus
Intense eosinophilia
- Inflammation and destruction of parasites, Asthma
Term
Basophils - histology
Definition
Numerous large granules (Heparin, Histamine)
Intense basophilia
Bi-lobed nucleus
- Inflammation, Allergic response
- DIfferentiate into Mast cell in tissue
Term
Monocytes - histology
Definition
Largest WBC
Few azurophilic granules
Pale cytoplasmic basophilia, lots of rER and Golgi
Horseshoe-shaped nucleus
- Differentiates into macrophages in tissues
Term
Macrophage - histology
Definition
Large, euchromatic nucleus
Cell processes
Numerous lysosomes
Prominent nucleolus
Extensive frothy cytoplasm
Term
Lymphocytes - histology
Definition
Same size as RBCs
Little cytoplasm
No granules, lots of rER and Golgi
Round nucleus
Term
Plasma cells - histology
Definition
Clock faced nucleus
Intense cytoplasmic basophilia
Tons of rER
Term
Innate Immunity - Components
Definition
Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, complement
- Recognize structures of different classes of microbes
Term
Adaptive/Aqcuired Immunity - Features
Definition
Specificity
Memory
Diversity
Self-Tolerance
Term
Primary immune response
Definition
Mediated by Naive lymphocytes - They express Ag receptors but dont yet perform effector functions
- They then differentiate into Effector cells and Memory cells
Term
Lymphocytes - Types
Definition
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
NK Cells
Term
Antigen-presenting cells - Types
Definition
Dendritic cells - Initiate T cell response
Macrophages - Initiation and effector phase of T cell response
Follicular Dendritic Cells - display Ags to B lymphocytes
Term
Effector Cells - types
Definition
Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells
Macrophages, monocytes
Granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
NK cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages
- Express receptors specific for certain CLASSES of microbes
Term
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Definition
Lymph nodes - lymph-borne pathogens
Spleen - blood-borne pathogens
Mucosal and cutaneous immune systems
- Function to maximize interactions of Ags, APCs and Lymphocytes to promote adaptive immune responses
Term
Fact: A previous viral infection can predispose someone to a bacterial infection
Definition
Why?
Viruses destroy the ciliated cells in the upper respiratory tract.
Term
Mechanical barriers
Definition
Armor - skin, mucous
Broom - Cilia, peristalsis/flow
Hose down - Tears, saliva, urine flow
Term
Lactobacillus
Definition
Organism in the vagina that makes the vagina acidic to prevent colonization of bad flora
Term
Epithelial Barrier
Definition
Produces antibiotics (antimicrobials) that kill bacteria
Contain intraepithelial lymphocytes (T cell origin) with limited diversity of Ag receptors
Generate chemokines, cytokines
Term
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
Definition
Microbial molecules that are the target of innate immunity
- LPS (gram-negative bacteria)
- Lipotechoic acid (gram positive bacteria)
- PG (gram + or - bacteria, mycbacteria
- DOuble stranded RNA
- Manna (yeast cell walls), Flagellin
Term
Pattern Recognition Patterns (PRR)
Definition
Receptors of innate immunity that recognize PAMPS on surface of pathogens
- Dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells
- Endocytic PRRS vs. Signaling PRR (Toll-like receptors)
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Beta agonist (Non-selective)
MOA: Nonselective B1 and B2 agonist at GPCR --> cAMP --> increased PKA --> decreased MLCK
Use: Status asthamaticus, anaphylactic shock
Side effects: Tachycardia, arrhythmia, ischemia
Term
Albuterol
Definition
B agonist (Short-acting)
MOA: GPCR --> increase cMP --> Decrease MLCK (Also increase K channels)
- Binds mast cells to decreased histamine release
- Binds eos. and neutr. to decrease mediators released
- Bronchodilator
Use: 1st line acute asthma; mild intermitent COPD; ACute bronchospasm
- SIde effects: muscle tremor, peripheral vasodilation, transient arterial O2 tension, nervous/anxious
Term
Salmeterol
Definition
Beta agonist (Long acting)
MOA: GPCR --> increase cMP --> Decrease MLCK (Also increase K channels)
- Binds mast cells to decreased histamine release
- Binds eos. and neutr. to decrease mediators released
- Bronchodilator
Use: Persistent asthma, ALWAYS use in combo
Side effects: muscle tremor, peripheral vasodilation, transient arterial O2 tension, nervous/anxious
Term
Fluticasone
Definition
Corticosteroid (Inhaled)
Use: Asthma, COPD
MOA: Binds steroid receptor complex
Side effects: Oral Candida, hoarseness, adrenal suppression, may slow growth in kids - limit oral use
Teratogenic
Term
Triamcinolone
Definition
Corticosteroid (Inhaled)
Use: Asthma, COPD
MOA: Binds steroid receptor complex
Side effects: Oral Candida, hoarseness, adrenal suppression, may slow growth in kids - limit oral use
Teratogenic
Term
Prednisone
Definition
Corticosteroid (Inhaled)
Use: Asthma, COPD
MOA: Binds steroid receptor complex
Side effects: Oral Candida, hoarseness, adrenal suppression, may slow growth in kids - limit oral use
Teratogenic
Term
Cromolyn Sodium
Definition
Mast Cell Stabilizer
Use: Prophylaxis for exercise/allergen-induced asthma, allergic rhinitis
MOA: Blocks Cl- channels in mast cells to decrease mast cell degranulation, block sensory nerve firing, suppress late response
Minimal side effects.
- Poorly absorbed (aerosol)
Term
Zileuton
Definition
Leukotriene Antagonist
Use: Maintenance or prophylactic for aspirin or exercise-induced asthma
MOA: inhibits 5-lipoxygenase to block leukotriene synthesis
Side effects: occasional liver toxicity (monitor)
NOT dilators, NOT for acute crisis
Term
Zafirlukast
Definition
Leukotriene Antagonist
Use: Maintenance or prophylactic for aspirin or exercise-induced asthma
NOT dilators, NOT for acute crisis
MOA: reversible antagonist at Leukotriene 1 receptor
Side effects: suicidal behavior
Term
Omalizumab
Definition
Anti-IgE mAb
Use: IgE-dependent asthma
MOA: Binds Fc region of IgE to decrease levels of free IgE
Side effects: Well-tolerated, mild CRS, anaphylactic shock. Injection site rxns
Term
Chlorpheniramine
Definition
1st Gen. Antihistamine (Sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, local anesthesia, sedation, urticaria, etc.
MOA: H1-receptor antagonist
Side Effects: sedation
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Diphenhydramine
Definition
1st Gen. Antihistamine (Sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, local anesthesia, sedation, urticaria, etc.
MOA: H1-receptor antagonist
Side Effects: sedation
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Promethazine
Definition
1st Gen. Antihistamine (Sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, local anesthesia, sedation, urticaria, etc.
MOA: H1-receptor antagonist
Side Effects: sedation
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Cetirizine
Definition
2nd Gen. Antihistamine (Non-sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, urticaria
MOA: Hi-receptor antagonist
Side effects: arrhythmias in O.D.
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Fexofenadine
Definition
2nd Gen. Antihistamine (Non-sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, urticaria
MOA: Hi-receptor antagonist
Side effects: arrhythmias in O.D.
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Desloratidine
Definition
2nd Gen. Antihistamine (Non-sedating)
Use: IgE-mediated allergies, urticaria
MOA: Hi-receptor antagonist
Side effects: arrhythmias in O.D.
- Not useful for anaphylaxis rxns or acute asthma
Term
Histamine
Definition
Autocoid
Use: NONE
MOA: H1-4 receptor agonist (non-selective)
Contra: asthma, provokes bronchoconstriction
Side effects: allergic rxns, urticaria, G.I. distress, shock
Stored in mast cells, basophils, ECLs - rapid release & metabolism
Term
Chemoattractants
Definition
IL-8, C5a, Leukotriene, N-formyl Peptides
Term
Opsonization
Definition
The coating of particles with IgG or C3b (or both) to enhance phagocytosis
Term
Second Signals in T cell activation
Definition
CD28 -- B7

CD4 -- MHC II

CD8 -- MHC I

LFA-1 -- ICAM-1
Term
Final signal in T cell Activations
Definition
Cytokines:
IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNA-alpha
Term
Th1 Cells
Definition
Induced by IL-12 (from macrophages), IFN-gamma (from N cells)

They secrete: IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-beta
- They activate macrophages, CTLs, and NK cells
Inhibited by IL-4, IL-10 (from Th2 cells)
Term
Th2 Cells
Definition
Induced when there is extracellular attack

They secrete: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10
- They direct isotype switching by B cells - they activate B cells

Inhibited by IFN-gamma (from Th1 cells)
Term
Natural Killer Cell Stimulation
Definition
IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IL-12
- Kill targets lacking MHC Class I
- Kill using granzymes and perforin
Term
Cytotoxic T cell Stimulation
Definition
CD28 -- B7 interaction
IL-2 from Th1 cells
Term
Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immediate
Involve IgE and mast cell response
- Mounted against harmless environmental antigens in atopic/allergic individuals
- Immediate rxn: mast cells/histamine
- Late-phase rxn: products of arachidonic acid cascade
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Tissue specific, Ab-Mediated
- Opsonization or activated complement
Ex: Myasthenia Gravis, T2DM, Graves Disease
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune Complexes
- Cause systemic damage by activating complment wherever immune complexes are
Ex: Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, serum sickness, Arthus rxn
Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Delayed Type (48-72 hours)
Caused by Th1 cells, CD8+ cells, and macrophages
- Common results of infection with persistent intracellular microbes
Ex: T1DM, MS, Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Term
Graft Vs. Host Disease (GVHD)
Definition
Occurs when mature T cells inside bone marrow transplants become activated against the MHC products of the graft recipient
Term
TIssue Compatibility Testing
Definition
- ABO Blood Typing
- Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MHC CLass II)
- Microcytotoxic test (MHC Class I)
Term
Neutrophilia
Definition
Increased neutrophils
- Bacterial infections, Burns, Tissue necrosis
Term
Eosinophilia
Definition
Increased eosinophils
- Parasitic infections, Allergic disorders, Collagen vascular disease
Term
Monocytosis
Definition
Increased monocytes
- Chronic infections (TB), Malaria, IBD
Term
Lymphocytosis
Definition
Increased lymphocytes
- Viral infections, Bordatella, Pertussis
- W/ Monocytosis in TB
Term
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Definition
Increased Sed. Rate is non-specific evidence of an inflammatory process
- Hastened rouleux formation by increased fibrinogen or IgG in plasma
Term
C-reactive Protein
Definition
CRP is secreted rapidly by the liver in response to inflammation
- Elevation persists while inflammation exists
- Nonspecific marker of a number of inflammatory conditions (Ex: atherosclerosis)
Term
Acute Inflammation
Definition
Short duration (1-3 days)
- Hyperemia, Edema, Neutrophils
- Causes: infection, foreign bodies, tissue necrosis, immune reactions
Term
Vascular reactions of acute inflammation
Definition
1) Vasodilation - Histamine and NO (Redness and heat)
2) Increased permeability - Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes (Edema)
3) Vascular stasis (Redness)
Term
Cellular Reactions of Acute Inflammation
Definition
1) Extravasation (Selectins --> Integrins --> PCA/CD31)
2) Chemotaxis (C5a, IL-8, N-formyl methyl peptides)
3) Activation - binding of acticating ligand
4) Phagocytosis - Recognition --> Engulfment --> Killing
Term
Alpha1-Antitrypsin
Definition
ANti-protease that acts against neutrophil enzymes that get released during inflammation
Term
Chronic Inflammation
Definition
Proliferation of blood vessels, Fibrosis, Tissue destruction, MACROPHAGES, Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells
- Causes: Acute inflammation, persistent infection, prolonged irritation, autoimmunity
Term
Granulomatous Inflammation
Definition
Type of Chronic Inflammation
- EPitheliod Macrophages
- Cause: Mycobacterium TB, Suture granuloma, HIstoplasma capsulatum
- Granuloma formation
Term
Pain (Chemical Mediators)
Definition
Bradykinin, PGE2, Substance P
Term
Fever (Chemical Mediators)
Definition
TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6
- affect cyclo-oxygenase pathway to reset thermostat in hypothalamus
Term
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Definition
Chronic Candida infections
- Caused by deficiency in Dectin 1 (A C-type lectin receptor)
Term
Crohn's Disease
Definition
Symptoms: diarrhea, tender abdomen, high WBC, low Hb, increased ESR, no bacteria/pathogens in stool culture, weight loss, ulcer in colon
- Caused by hyperactive NODs
Term
Mannose Binding Protein Deficiency
Definition
- Recurrent memingitides; sudden nausea, vomiting, HA, fever, AMS, hypotension, increased RR, PURPURA, stiff neck
- Cause: Neisseria meningitides infection
- Dx: lumbar puncture (cloudy, cellular, high protein)
Term
Herpes Simplex Incephalitis
Definition
95% mortality
- Young pt., seizures, fever, normal dvmt thus far
- Cause: TLR-3 Abnormality
Term
Immunogenicity
Definition
1) Foreignness - more foreign, stronger trigger
2)Molecular size - >1000 D
3) Complexity - more complex, better
4) Dose
5) Route of administration - PO is poor
6) Adjuvants improve immunogenicity
Term
Multiple Myeloma
Definition
Malignant Plasma cell tumor that secretes monoclonal antibodies
- A disease of bone -- multiple bone lesions
- Symptoms: fatigue, anemia, low WBCs, low RBCs, elevated ESR, one class of Ig highly elevated, other depressed
- Dx: Monoclonal spike, Bence Jones Protein (light chain dimer)
-Tx: resistant to chemotherapy, poor prognosis
Term
NK cells - Opsonization
Definition
- They have Fc receptors for IgGs, thus leading to killing of antibody-coated cells
Term
Antiserum
Definition
Serum that contains antibodies. A type of passive immunity
Term
Serum sickness
Definition
Can be caused by giving heterologous (diff. species) products. You end up making a large amount of new products in response to an influx of new antigens.
- Numbers Ab-Ag interactions activate lots of complement, and C5a attracts neutrophils
Term
Antibody Titer
Definition
- Semiquantitative method
1) take serum from immunized individual
2) Make 1:2 dilutions of the antiserum
Primary response: can't detect after 1:32
Secondary response: can detect longer, out to 1:512
- Can use to determine what stage of immune response a person is in
Term
ElISA
Definition
- Used for initial screening for HIV
- Inactivated HIV antigen in each well + Patients serum w/ Abs + Anti-human Ig + Enzyme to change color (>.500)
- Can get false positive (esp. if multiparous)
- False negative in period between infection and serum conversion
Term
Western Blot
Definition
Confirmatory test for positive ELISA (HIV)
- More specific, can see Abs against viral proteins
- HIV cells are lysed, SDS-PAGED and blotted on membrane and incubated with Pt. serum (w/ Ab), ANti-human Ig, and substrate
- + result = gp120 or gp160 AND p24 or p31
Term
Agglutination
Definition
Immune complexes comprised of antibodies and cells or large particles
- A way of visualizing clumps of RBCs
- Used diagnostically for bacteria'microbes
Term
Isohemagglutinins
Definition
Naturally occuring Abs against AB blood antigens.
- IgM mediated - do not cross placenta
- Responsible for the transfusion reaction
Term
IgGs against Rh antigen CAN cross placental barrier, unlike isohemagluttinins
Definition
Term
Common B-cell markers
Definition
CD 19
CD 20
Term
Allelic exclusion
Definition
Ensures that only one heavy and one light chain per cell are expressed
Term
RAG (Recombinase Antibody Generation)
Definition
Responsible for recombination of Igs and TCRs to create diversity
- Deficiency of RAG = SCID
Term
B Cell deficiency Typical Infections
Definition
Pyogenic Bacteria
Term
If a virus has a mechanism to avoid the MHC Class I pathway, NK cells can recognize that the cell lacks MHC CLass I molecules on the surface, and will kill it (no inhibitory signal)
Definition
Term
The most influential arm of the immune system is T cells
Definition
Term
You can't take T effector cells from one person and give them to another person because of MHC Restriction (TCR won't recognize foreign MHC molecules)
Definition
Term
HLA alleles
Definition
- Having more different alleles is correlated to being more resistant to sickness
- Most polymorphic genes is population, used for paternity testing
- Important in transplant rejection
Term
Super antigens
Definition
Toxins that don't get degraded. They bind to all MHC CLass II molecules and stimulate T cells through TCR.
- Sytokine storm
- Ex: TSST
Term
CD3
Definition
CD = CLusters of DIfferentiation
- Pan-T cell markers
- Monoclonal Ab
- COmplexed to TCR receptor - important in signal transduction
Term
CONditions causing detachment of Neutrophils from endothelium
Definition
Hypoxia, GLucocorticoids, Exercise, Stress, Aspirin, Epinephrine
Term
Causes of Neutropenia
Definition
"Lack of neutrophils"
- Chemotherapy (kills rapidly diving cells)
- Autoimmune Abs to neutrophils
- Hereditary - unknown mechanisms

Tx: Give GM-CSF, or G-CSF to stimulated neutrophil production
Term
Leukocyte Adhesions Deficiency (LAD)
Definition
Neutrophils can't stick and migrate in to fight infections.
- Lack of LFA-ICAM (Rolling cells)
- "Cold," nontender abscess
- Will have high neutrophil count (trapped in bloodstream)
Term
Patients with altered white cell function are subject to infections by bacteria and fungi
Definition
Term
Nitroblue Tetracolium Test (NBT)
Definition
Assesses oxidative burst - cells should turn blue/purple
- Can use to Dx. CGDm
Term
Antibiotics plus neutropenia make you susceptible to fungal infections
Definition
Risk factor for candida - low WBC and using broad spectrum antibiotics

Risk factor for Aspergillus - neutropenia (b/c you're always breathing it in)
Term
Hereditary ANgioneurotic Edema
Definition
- Cause: Deficiency of C1-INH
- Subject to recurrent swelling of skin, intestine and airway - diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain
- Triggered by exercise, trauma, mental stress, extreme temperatures, menstruation
Term
HIV
Definition
- The CD4 molecule acts as receptor for HIV
- Eventually, CD4 cells are destroyed by the virus faster than they're produced -- cell-mediated immunity falters
- Host is susceptible to opportunistic infection
Term
Indicator of HIV infection?
Definition
gpl20
Term
Promdromal symptoms of AIDS
Definition
thrush, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes, night sweats, weight loss
Term
AIDS
Definition
CD4 count between 200-400
Term
Contact sensitivity to poison ivy
Definition
- Type IV Hypersensitivity (DTH)
No fever, rash (2-3 days after exposure)
- Pentadecacatechol acts as a hapten to create hapten-specific effector Th1 cells
- Tissue damage and inflammatory response caused by macrophages and T cells
- Mast cells release histamine - itching
- CD8 cells also get activated
- Tx: COrticosteroids (topical or oraL)
Term
DTH (Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions)
Definition
- Measures CD4 cell function
- Tuberculin reaction (pts vaccinated with BCG)
- Candida test
Term
Myasthenia Gravis
Definition
Severe muscle weakness - ptosis (droopy eyelids), diplopia
- Cause: IgG Ab against ACh receptors
- More severe symptoms (full body) in young people
Term
ADCC (Ab-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Definition
Part of cell-mediated immune defense - Effector cells of innate immunity lyse cells with specific antibodies.
- NK Cells; Neutrophils, Eosinophils
- Recognition of IgG via Fc receptors
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