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Immunity
Resistance to infection, immunity, & the allergic response
77
Nursing
Graduate
05/23/2014

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Cards

Term
Vaccines are an example of ________ immunity.
Definition
Acquired or adaptive
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Antibodies received through passive immunity last several years.
Definition
False (last only several weeks)
Term
The pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell differentiates into the: Pick 2
A. Myelocyte
B. Phagocyte
C. Monocyte
D. Lymphocyte
Definition
A (Myelocyte) & D (Lymphocyte)
Term
6 types of WBC's:
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Plasma Cells
Term
The platelet circulates for ___ - ___ days.
Definition
12-14 days
Term
Lifespan of a WBC is ___ - ___ hours in the blood & ___ - ___ days in the tissue.
Definition
4-8 hours
4-5 days
Term
It's mainly these TWO things that destroy bad stuff in the tissue:
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
Definition
B (Neutrophils) & C (Macrophages)
Phagocytes "eating cell"
Term
All of the following are predominantly stored in the "Bone Maaarrrrow", EXCEPT:
A. WBC's
B. Platelets
C. Myelocytes
D. Lymphocytes
Definition
D. Lymphocytes
Term
The lymphocytes are stored in the:
Definition
Lymph tissue
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Strep is more likely than staph to spread and cause death.
Definition
True (immune reaction launches much slower)
Term
Inflammation is characterized by:
1. Erythema...
2.
3.
4.
5.
Definition
1. Vasodilation of local blood vessels --> excess blood flow (erythema)
2. Capillary beds become leaky (edema)
3. Interstitial spaces clot (fibrin in the area)
4. Granulocytes & monocytes move in
5. Tissue releases chemicals: histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, complement system chemicals, blood clotting proteins. --> Additional edema, swelling, capillary leak, & PAIN!
Term
________ make up 20% of the plasma proteins.
Definition
Immunoglobulins
Term
What are the #1 class of drugs that cause allergic reactions in anesthesia? (Adults)
Definition
Muscle relaxants
Term
In children, _______ accounts for the most allergic reactions.
Definition
Latex
Term
_______ accounts for the most fatal anaphylactic drug reactions.
A. Rocuronium
B. Vecuronium
C. Penicillin
D. Vancomycin
Definition
C. Penicillin
Term
List the 2 most common NDMR allergens:
Definition
1. Rocuronium (Zemuron)
2. Vecuronium (Norcuron)
Term
________-________ syndrome = A life-threatening drug reaction that can result in exfoliation and subsequent secondary infections.
Definition
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Term
Nonimmune mediated anaphylaxis (anaphylactoid reaction) is different from immunte mediated anaphylaxis, because...
Definition
This reaction requires NO previous exposure & NO antibody formation.
Term
List the 5 classes of antibodies:
Definition
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, & IgD
(GAMED)
Term
The AIDS virus destroys/inactivates the ________.
A. Suppresor T cells
B. Memory cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells
Definition
C. Helper T cells
Term
These cells serve as regulators of almost every immune function:
A. Suppresor T cells
B. Memory cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells
Definition
C. Helper T cells
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Instead of attacking the invaders,natural killer cells attack the body's own cells that have become infected by viruses.
Definition
True (cytotoxic T cells attack the invaders)
Term
Which cell works by secreting a chemical (perforin) that makes holes in the cell membrane of the target cell?
Definition
Natural killer cells
Term
List the 3 events that lead to cardiac collapse and death (r/t Anaphylaxis):
Definition
1. Profound vascular vasodilation
2. Profound loss of intravascular fluid (up to 50% of intravascular fluid volume)
3. Negative inotropy
Term
What are the 4 goals for treating LIFE-THREATENING anaphylaxis?
Definition
1. Reversal of arterial hypoxemia
2. Replacement of intravascular volume (1-4 liters of 0.9 NaCl or LR)
3. Cardiovascular support (vasopressors)
4. Inhibit the reaction (Epinephrine!)
Term
4 treatment goals for NOT life-threatening anaphylaxis?
Definition
1. Oxygen
2. Antihistamines
3. Corticosteroids
4. Beta 2 agonist
Term
1 example of a histamine 1 blocker
Definition
Benadryl
Term
2 examples of histamine 2 blocker
Definition
Zantac & Pepcid
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Angioedema is due to the decrease functional activity of the plasma compliment C-1 esterase inhibitor.
Definition
True
Term
Angioedema:
-Attacks last ___-___ hours
-Treatment may be _________
-_____ _____ is the trigger in 40-50% of cases
Definition
Angioedema:
-Attacks last 48-96 hours
-Treatment may be STEROIDS (long term anabolic)
-EMOTIONAL STRESS is the trigger in 40-50% of cases
Term
Normal lab values indicate that there is the highest percentage of:
A. Macrophages
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinphils
D. Basophils
Definition
B. Neutrophils
62%
Term
What does it mean if the lab values indicate increased monocytes & decreased neutrophils? Is this a problem?
Definition
Yes, your body is sending out the "babies"
Term
What prevents phagocytes from eating everything?
Definition
1. Natural structures in tissue have smooth surfaces which resist phagocytosis
2. Protective protein coats repel the phagocytes
3. Immune system develops antibodies against invaders which adhere to the invader's membrane & a product of the compliment cascade
Term
All of the monocytes/macrophages are called the ________________ system.
Definition
Reticuloendothelial system
Term
The reticuloendothelial system is virtually in all tissue areas, but the highest concentrations are located where invaders are most likely..
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Definition
1. Skin & SQ tissue
2. Lymph nodes
3. Alveolar
4. Liver
5. Spleen & bone marrow
Term
Reticuloendothelial system in the skin & SQ tissue
Definition
Histocytes
Term
Reticuloendothelial system in the lymph nodes
Definition
Tissue macrophages
Term
Reticuloendothelial system in the alveloar
Definition
Alveolar macrophages
Term
Reticuloendothelial system in the liver
Definition
Kupffer cell gang
Term
Reticuloendothelial system in the spleen & bone marrow
Definition
Splenic pulp
Term
When an antigen binds to an antibody, a binding site for the _-_ molecule is exposed.
Definition
C-1
Term
With the compliment cascade, once the binding site for the C-1 molecule is exposed, a series of events begins (7):
Definition
1. Phagocytic activity increased --> neutrophils & macrophages eat more bacteria
2. Lysis of the bacterial walls
3. Changes in the surface of the invader, allowing them to adhere to each other
4. Attack viruses
5. Initiate chemotaxis
6. Activate mast & basophil cells --> increases local blood flow
7. Contribute to local inflammation
Term
Helper T cells: (select all that apply)
A. Serve as regulators of almost every immune function
B. Suppress the T cell activity
C. Turn on the B cell
D. "Remember" an antigen exposure
Definition
A. Serve as regulators of almost every immune function & C. Turn on the B cell
Term
Allergies occur when people with very high quantities of ___ antibodies.
A. IgD
B. IgA
C. IgG
D. IgE
Definition
D. IgE
Term
With allergies, IgE antibodies attach to:
A. Mast cells & basophils
B. Mast cells & neutrophils
C. Basophils & neutrophils
D. Basophils & eosinophils
Definition
A. Mast cells & basophils
Term
_______ produces vasodilation & makes capillary walls leaky.
Definition
Histamine
Term
Immune mediated anaphylaxis
-60% of reactions occur due to ___ antibody formation
-Initial symptoms occur in ___ minutes, 1st symptoms are usually ______ & ______
Definition
Immune mediated anaphylaxis
-60% of reactions occur due to IgE antibody formation
-Initial symptoms occur in 10 minutes, 1st symptoms are usually rash & urticaria
Term
With immune mediated anaphylaxis, a second or subsequent exposure results in massive degranulation of mast cells & basophils, which contain ________.
Definition
Histamine
Term
TRUE or FALSE
It is only necessary to give either an H1 specific blocker or an H2 specific blocker.
Definition
False, should give both!
Term
How do H1/H2 blockers work?
Definition
By competing for the binding sites
Term
Life threatening manifestations of anaphylaxis or anaphlyactoid reactions can lead to...
1.
2.
3.
Definition
1. Cardiovascular collapse
2. Bronchospasm
3. Interstitial edema (airway edema)
Term
A reaction to latex typically presents in ___ minutes.
Definition
30
Term
High risk for latex allergy includes those with the following:
A. Health care workers
B. Intolerance to latex based products (i.e., dental dams)
C. Allergy to tropical fruit
D. History of hay fever, eczema, rhinitis, asthma
E. Spina bifida
F. All of the above
Definition
F. All of the above
Term
The ________ makes sure the T lymphocytes do not react to the body tissue.
Definition
Thymus
Term
TRUE or FALSE
B lymphocytes are even more diverse than T lymphocytes.
Definition
True
Term
Lymphocytes originate where?
Definition
in the embryonic lymphocyte-comitted stem cells in the bone marrow
Term
Lymphocytes travel where to develop there diversity for reacting against specific antigens?
Definition
thymus
Term
Which organ determines which T lymphocytes are released?
Definition
Thymus
Term
B lymphocytes are processed where?
Definition
the liver and bone marrow
Term
Where do lymphocytes like to hang out?
Definition
Lymph nodes
Term
Which type of cell is more active, B or T lymphocyte?
Definition
T-lymphocytes
Term
T-lymphocytes form what in response to an antigen?
Definition
substances & T helper cells
Term
T-helper cells (produced by T-lymphocytes) activate what type of cells?
Definition
B lymphocytes
Term
What type of cells hang out in the bone marrow?
Definition
Myelocytes (WBCs except lymphocytes,and platelets are also stored in the bonemarrow
Term
What lab finding is diagnostic of a parasitic infection?
Definition
substantial increase in eosinophils
Term
What type of cell contains heparin, histamine, bradykinin, and seratonin (all of which play a role in allergic reactions)?
Definition
Basophils
Term
Antibodies are?
Definition
large gamma globulins called immunoglobulins- once attached to the antigen
Term
3 ways antibodies attack antigens? (all of which are slow processes)
Definition
1. precipitation- by clumping or pulling so many together (agglutination), making them become insoluble
2. neutralization-by covering the toxic sites on the antigen
3. Lysis- rupture teh cell wall of teh antigen
Term
Binding of an antigen to an antibody results in what?
Definition
exposure of the C-1 binding site, and initiation of the compliment cascade
Term
killer cells are also known as?
Definition
cytotoxic T cells (a type of T lymphocyte) -destroy invaders
Term
What type of T lymphocytes keeps the others in check?
Definition
Suppressor T cell
Term
Helper T cells role?
Definition
regulate almost every immune function, including activating the B cell. They do this by use of lymphokine mediators
Term
3 types of lymphokine mediators?
Definition
1. Interleukin 1,2,3,4,5,6
2. Interferon
3. Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
Term
Role of Natural killer cells?
Definition
Attacks body's own cells that are infected by viruses, attack potential cancer cells- by using an antibody bridge & secreting perforin that makes holes in the cell allowing water (& calcium-may trigger apoptisis)to rush into the cell inducing osmotic swelling.
Term
H1 and H2 receptors are prolific where?
Definition
bronchial and vascular smooth muscle; role in vascular vasodilation, capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction
Term
Epi dose for anaphylaxis?
Definition
10-100mgc IV, doubled & repeated every 1-2 minutes until systemic BP is restored
subcutaneous dose- 0.3 to 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution
Term
Drug used for anaphylaxis unresponsive to EPI?
Definition
vasopressin 2-10mcg (or could start Levo drip)
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