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Immune system
immune responses
35
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
06/17/2012

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Term
term 1
Definition
definition 1
Term
Immune system
Definition
functional system, not a particular organ but several organs invloved. Also invloves cells and molecules and diverse tissues throughout the body.
Term
Innate Defenses
Definition
Troops-always ready to fight. Present at birth, No prior exposure necessary, Respond the same each time the body is exposed, responses are effective to lots of pathogens, even things your body has never been exposed to , reduces workload for specific defense mechanisms. contain 2 lines. 1-Surface/external barriers 2-Internal defenses
Term
Specific Defences
Definition
Navey Seals- take more time to mobolize the first time they are calle upon, but the second time they act faster.
Term
External Barriers
Definition
skin and mucous membranes that make it mechanically difficult for pathogens to get in our bodies. The skin is too dry, has low pH, sheds, contains defensins, lactic acid, and lysozyme. Mucous membranes are sticky and trap and they also contain lysozyme.
Term
Defensins
Definition
peptide that pokes holes in membranes.
Term
Lactic acid
Definition
from sweat.protects.
Term
lysozyme
Definition
emzyme that is disruptive to pathogen cell walls.
Term
miscellaneous barrier strategies
Definition
cilia in respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing, tears , cerumen, low ph, diarrhea, acid vagina, etc..
Term
Internal barriers
Definition
antimicrobial proteins, antimicrobial cells, pyrexia, and inflammation process.
Term
interferons
Definition
for protection against viruses-they alert neighboring cells & prevent them from infection. They also break down viral genes or prevent replication. They also activate NK and macrophages which destroy viruses and cancer. They are secreted by our own body cells that have been infected by a virus.
Term
complement protiens
Definition
30+ in body. they circulate blood in inactive form and are activated by presence of pathogen. Inactive=C3 but active they split into C3a & C3b. they bring about the 4 methods of pathogen destruction which are inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis, and cytolysis.
Term
Nk cells
Definition
An antimicrobial cell-large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria. Secrets perforins and granzymes. It also can destroy cells infected by bacteria or viruses, cancer cells, and cells of transplanted organs and tissues.
Term
Performins and granzymes
Definition
performins punch a hole in the bad guys cell membrane and granzymes organize death to the cell. Granzy
Term
other anitmicrobial cells
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
neutrophils
Definition
most abundant, 1st to arrive and die, really good at killing bacteria-contain superoxide anions-kills bacteria, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite-chlorine. These are the dumb cells because they kill very thing and even themselves and our own body cells.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
weak but useful phagocytes-respond to antigen-anitbody complexes. surround parasites like tape & ring worm. produce superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and neurotoxin. Stimulates Mast Cells & basophils to degranulate releasing histamine. Then histaminase to limit allergic & inflammatory responses.
Term
Basophils
Definition
Help out WBC, release histamine (vasodilator) release heparin (inhibits formation of clots, makes it easier for WBC to move around infected site).
Term
Mast Cells
Definition
also release histamine and heparin. in
Term
Monocytes/macrophages
Definition
monocytes emigrate from the blood in the tissue spaces to become macros. arrive late-but they clean up.
Term
Fixed macros
Definition
Kupffer cells of liver, alveolar dust cells of lung alveoli, and many in spleen, lymph nodes, and RB marrow.
Term
Wandering macros
Definition
looking for trouble.
Term
Antigen Presenting Cells
Definition
Eat the pathogen, put a piece on their shirt and wear it, therefore, other cells are activated.
Term
Pyrexia
Definition
fever. abnormal elevation of body temp from many diff causes.
Term
Benefits of moderate fever
Definition
intensifies effects of interferons, enhances phagocytosis, increases lympo activity, elevates metabolic rate which accelerates tissue repair, causes liver & spleen to sequester iron, zinc, & copper which is needed for bacteria replication. Kills &/or inhibits growth of some microbes. but many like heat.
Term
C3a (complement protein effect)
Definition
Produces a inflammation-brings more wbc to fight.
Term
C3b (complement protein effect)
Definition
promotes immune clearance- bad guys to rbc where rbc travel to the spleen to die. enhanced phagocytosis via opsonization- sprinkling sugar and making them taste better and cytolysis-cell breakdown via Membrane attach complexes, so cell contents leak out.
Term
MAC
Definition
Membrane attack complex- punch a hole in cell membrane and everything spills out.
Term
(fever)Exogenous pyrogens and endogenous pyrogens
Definition
exo-bacterial endotoxins and endo-our own neutrophils and macrophages secrete "pyrogens" when they eat bacteria.

*IL-1 and 6 (interleukins)
Term
Pyrogens
Definition
Stimulate thee hypothalamus (via release of prostaglandins) to raise the set point for body temps.

Pyrogens stimulate anterior hypothalamus to release PGE and PGE increases the hypothalamic set point. Thus, having a fever.
Term
Danger of high fever
Definition
Proteins in cell coagulate and they denature at high temps.
nerve damage at 105.8 f
103-danger of heat stroke
105-delirious/convulsions/coma
110-irreversible brain damage or death
Term
inflammation
Definition
it is a non-specific local defensive response to tissue damage. Common response to most disease states.
Purpose:
Dispose of pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
prevent spread of infection.
prepare the site for tissue repair.
it is regulated by cytokines.
Term
Inflammatory process
Definition
mast cells, basophils, & damaged cells secrete vasoactive chemicals:
Histamine, kinins, leukotrienes.

Local vasodilation of blood vessels-heat and erythema
local increased capillary permeability-edema and pain.
Term
four cardinal signs of inflammation
Definition
heat-increases metabolism and increases the speed of mitosis & tissue repair-allows easier wbc & plasma protein movement.
erythema-increased blood flow at body core temp, to inflammed site.
edema-contributes to tissue clean up by compressing veins & reducing venous drainage.
pain-due to release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings.
Term
inflammation process
Definition
margination-selections & integrins
diapedesis-
chemotaxis-
phagocytosis-
pus formation-
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