Shared Flashcard Set

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ID Set 1
IDs
60
History
12th Grade
09/17/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Renaissance
Definition
its literal meaning is "rebirth." This period of time happened in Italy roughly between 1350 and 1550 and idealized Greco-Roman ideals.
Term
Hanseatic League
Definition
a trading league based out of present day Germany. For a while (during the Black Death) it trumped Venice and the rest of Italy as the main fleet of merchants.
Term
Florence, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, Naples
Definition
the five main states in the Italian Peninsula during the Renaissance. They were not united in a single country, but often had treaties with each other.
Term
De Medici
Definition
a prominent family in Florence. They gained their fortune through the banking system and controlled Florence's government until they were kicked out of the state.
Term
Viscontis
Definition
A prominent family during the renaissance
Term
Sforas
Definition
Another prominent family during the renaissance
Term
Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione
Definition
this was a book written to point out what it took to be a noble. It stated that one must have fundamental native endowments (talents, noble birth, grace, etc.), cultivate certain achievements (military), and must also have a classic education (music, drawing).
Term
Isabella d’Este
Definition
one of the leading women during the renaissance. She was a big supporter of the arts and was very involved in politics.
Term
Balance of Power
Definition
basically a set of alliances in which nobody would benefit if there was a war, much like how WWI was started. It was a system of alliances. It was used by the Italian states during the Renaissance.
Term
Peace of Lodi
Definition
this is an example of the balance of power used between the Italian states. It ended 50 years of war and kept Italy peaceful for about 40 years. The treaty stated that the alliances were Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papal States.
Term
Niccolo Machiavelli
Definition
a man who loved politics. He wrote The Prince, a book about politics, after he was kicked out of Florence after the Medici family was reinstated.
Term
Humanism
Definition
the most important literary movement in the Renaissance. Humanists studied the liberal arts of the Greeks and the Romans and was a movement based on these classics. Humanists thought that humans were the center of the world, and were the most important things ever created.
Term
Civic humanism
Definition
the idea that an intellectual should have a life dedicated to benefitting the state. Based on the life of the ancient Roman Cicero.
Liberal arts- things such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, ethics, and history written by ancient Greek and Roman writers, and read by Humanists.
Term
Petrarch
Definition
called the father of the Italian Renaissance humanism. He was the first to characterize the Middle Ages as "dark," and he had a feverish desire to read long lost Latin manuscripts, which led him to sack some libraries.
Term
Neoplatonism
Definition
brought to the light by Marsilio Ficino, who was influenced by the works of Plato. He thought that there was a chain of order in the universe, and that the smallest beings, plants, were bound to the middle beings, humans, who were then bound to God, the highest being.
Term
Hermeticism
Definition
another train of thought brought out of writing translated by Ficino. These stressed the need to know about astrology, alchemy, and magic, as well as the aspect of theology and spiritual speculations.
Term
Pico della Miraondola
Definition
a pupil of Ficino, he wrote the book Oration on the Dignity of Man. In this book, he wrote the idea that man could do anything he set out to do, and be whatever he wanted, and have whatever he wanted.
Term
Leonardo Bruni-
Definition
A humanist during the renaissance. He is sometimes referred to as the first historian.
Term
Johannes Gutenberg
Definition
first to mass print a book; the Bible
Term
Leonardo di vinci
Definition
a Renaissance artist from Florence. He was talented in every medium, from painting to sculpting to even thinking. He is the classic Renaissance man.
Term
Donato di Donatello
Definition
a sculptor from Florence, he was one of the first ones to sculpt in likeness to the ancient Romans and Greeks.
Term
Rafael
Definition
from the Papal States, Rafael painted extremely lifelike paintings by using great depth perception.
Term
Michelangelo
Definition
one of the best painters/sculptors/artists from Florence or ever. He painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted David, two of the best known works in the world.
Term
Filippo Brunelleschi
Definition
from Florence. He was an architect and designed the dome of Florence, as well as numerous other buildings in Florence.
Term
High Renaissance
Definition
a period of the Renaissance characterized when the three big artists, Rafael, Michelangelo, and Da Vinci, were in their prime of creating work.
Term
Northern Renaissance
Definition
this part of the renaissance was featured up North, not surprisingly. Instead of trying to replicate the human form, Northern artists tried to paint their paintings with the minutest detail. Using mirrors to show behind the painter was a common practice.
Term
Jan van Eyck
Definition
a northern renaissance artist, he was a master at showing detail. In his Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, van Eyck paints a lifelike chandelier, a mirror the shows the back of his subjects, and clothes that look like you could wear them.
Term
Albrecht Durer
Definition
up North, unlike down in Italy, frescos were hard to paint due to the fact that the paint took forever to dry. So many artists, like Durer, used woodcuts to do their artwork. He, being a Northern Renaissance artist, used minute detail to make his small works of art filled with complex images.
Term
Guillaume Dufay
Definition
a composer from Northern France, Dufay was the most influential composer of his time. He was the one who changed mass from chants to secular tunes. He also composed secular music for outside of the church.
Term
New Monarchies
Definition
a term used to describe France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century. These countries had lost control, but had regained their power and became some of the most powerful nations during the renaissance.
Term
Hundred Years War
Definition
a war lasting about 100 years between the nations of France and England. Even though the war devastated France, it bounced back fairly quickly due to the sense of unity gained in having a common enemy, the English. England, on the other hand, had a civil war following the 100 years war, resulting in a step back.
Term
Estates-General
Definition
a parliamentary body in France. The King has to get permission from them to do most things. But after the 100 years war, King Charles VII took away most of their power, making them virtually powerless to stop the king from doing whatever he wanted.
Term
Louis XI
Definition
the king preceding Charles VII. He retained the taille, an annual tax on land created by Charles VII, and thereby secured a large annual income. With this money, he was able to create a strong monarchy.
Term
War of the Roses
Definition
a civil war in England, it pitted the Duke of Lancaster vs. the Duke of York. Both Duke wanted to be king. The conflict ended when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, duke of York, and became the next English king and established a new Tudor dynasty.
Term
House of Lancaster
Definition
one of the sides in the War of the Roses. Their symbol was a red rose.
Term
House of York
Definition
the other side in the War of the Roses. Their symbol was a white rose.
Term
Henry VII
Definition
(aka Henry Tudor) he was the first of the Tudor kings. He created a stronger monarchy within England and stopped the dissent of the lords by creating a council, Court of the Star Chamber, which tortured people and extracted information from them.
Term
Ferdinand of Aragon
Definition
married Isabella of Castile to create a stronger, more unified Spain.
Term
Isabella of Castile
Definition
married Ferdinand of Aragon to create a stronger, more unified Spain.
Term
Reconquista
Definition
this was when the original inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) took back their land from the Muslims.
Term
Inquisition
Definition
implanted by the church in Spain after Isabella and Ferdinand asked that they do so. Once they were under the control of the king and queen, the inquisition cruelly made sure that Jews who had converted to Christianity were actually practicing their new religion.
Term
Habsburgs
Definition
rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. They were not good leaders or rulers, and their success came much from their string of good marriages to people who were good at ruling and leading.
Term
Austria
Definition
this was not a real country yet, but much of present-day Austria was held by the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire.
Term
Ottoman Empire
Definition
quickly came into the European scene when they started to take over much of Eastern Europe. They had passed by Constantinople originally, but went back and conquered it some time later, ending the thousand year rule of the Byzantine Empire.
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
their long rule was ended in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople to the hands of the Ottoman Turks.
Term
Sistine Chapel
Definition
Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the iconic chapel. On the ceiling he did the fall of man, with his most famous part being God giving life to Adam.
Term
David
Definition
another piece of work done by Michelangelo, this colossal statue idealizes the beauty of the human body.
Term
Rafael’s Madonna
Definition
this is a painting of the virgin Mary and the baby Jesus. It is a good example of depth.
Term
Last Supper
Definition
this is a painting by Da Vinci. It depicts Jesus and all the disciples eating the last super right after Jesus says that one of them will betray him that night.
Term
Renaissance Papacy
Definition
this collection of Popes is generally thought to be weaker than most due to the fact that all the famous artists of the time were painting paintings that depicted man as all powerful instead of God. These popes were also often corrupt and did things that often
Term
Pope Martin V
Definition
one of the first popes to try and defy the decrees written during the Council of Constance.
Term
Pope Sixtus IV
Definition
he made several of his nephews cardinals and made them rich with all of the offices that he gave them. This is called nepotism.
Term
Pope Alexander VI
Definition
also partook in nepotism. He also told his son to take a bunch of land from the Papal States to make his own state, which many people found offensive.
Term
Pope Julius II
Definition
called the "warrior-pope" because of the way he often led troops into battles. Many people did not like this.
Term
Pope Leo X
Definition
a Medici pope. He enjoyed the good life while he was pope, gaining that office when he was only 37.
Term
John Wycliffe
Definition
led an attack on the clergy for being corrupt. He believed that the Bible should be a person's only authority in the matter of religion.
Term
Jan Hus
Definition
Hus also thought that the church was corrupt. He lived in Prague, a city where the German clergy were already criticized for their massive land holdings, so his preaching was heard by people who were looking to get rid of the clergy.
Term
Council of Constance
Definition
this council called Hus so that he wouldn’t be able to keep saying that the church was corrupt. Instead of a fair trial (like he was promised) Hus was then burned at the stake for heresy.
Term
Saint Peter’s Basilica
Definition
the main building in the Vatican. It was built during the time of the renaissance popes and has artwork from many of the most famous names of the time.
Term
Liberal Arts
Definition
An education that covers a broad spectrum of areas.
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