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Details Title: I love trees Description: Pretty green plants Total Flash Cards: 48 Created: 10/09/2007 20:01:55	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Teotihuacan Definition Pyramid city; Temple sun is largest in the world.  No evidence that society resided there.  Abandoned in 700 AD, huge monumental architecture and was model for all other pyramid based civilization in Mexico.  They had long distance trade with Maya Region.  Term Tenochtitlan Definition Capital of Aztec empire and today its Mexico City. Term Quetzalcoatl Definition Arrival was what the Aztecs feared and when the Spanish people came the Aztec people were fearful the Spanish was Quetzalcoatl.  They thought that was him because he was white coming from the East.  He was known as the feathered serpent God. Term Moctezuma   Definition Is Moctezuma II who lost the Aztec empire to Cortes.  He lost this empire because his own people betrayed him, disease killed them, and initially believed that Cortes was a God.   Term Hernán Cortés Definition Spanish conquistador who initiated the conquest of the Aztec empire in the early 16th century.  He allied with the indigenous people who disliked Aztecs. Term Quechua Definition Language of the Incan peoples. Term quipu/ khipu Definition Way for Incans to communicate because they couldn’t read.  Composed of textiles spun into threads which had knots encoded within them.  Only nobles could read so runners couldn’t. Term Cusco Definition Capital of the Incan Empire which is still there.  Term Machu Picchu   Definition  Lost city, built in the clouds and resembled surroundings.  They had a very specific way of building with stones.  Term Ayllu Definition Family, or kinship, groups which provided labor for communities and the state.  They were workforce; food or labor. Term Francisco Pizarro Definition Spanish conquistador who overthrew Incan empire. Term Atalhuapa Definition Incan leader that was captured in the Battle of Cajamarca because he declined the “Requirement” brought forth by the Spanish conquistadors.  They held him in Cajamarca’s main temple were he offered the Spanish a ransom of a room filled with gold and silver.  However, even once the Spanish received the ransom, they killed Atalhuapa. Term Cajamarca Definition A city in Peru were Emperor Atahualpais was murdered. Term Iberia Definition  Peninsula with Portugal and Spain. Term Moors Definition  Conquered Iberia in 910.  Reaction was the re-conquest. (Muslims Term La reconquista/ the re-conquest Definition Warfare between 711-1492 where Spain tried to reclaim Iberian Peninsula from the Moors.  Launched when Isabel and Ferdinand made a full scale war in 1482; expelling Jews.  Final triumph was victory in Granada.  Was significant because it said God supported their cause and was mentality going into native civilizations in the Americas. Term The “Catholic Kings” Definition  This referred to Isabel of Castillo and Ferdinand of Aragon because they were so Catholic.  They set out to establish a royal authority in Spain.  They oversaw the reconquista of Iberia from the Moors and expelled the Jews from Spain.  In addition, they authorized expedition of Christopher Columbus.  Term Impact of 1492 on Iberia (three historic occurrences) – 1.      Columbus discovers new world and establishes new colonies 2.      Expulsion of Jews from Spain (homogenous culture) ** 3.      Moors defeated in Battle of Granada and they reclaim Iberia as Christian as it opens up more trade routes** 4.      Muslims were expelled which was final result of Reconquista** Term Treaty of Tordesilla 1494 Definition Treaty that divided Christopher Columbus’s newly discovered lands between the Portuguese and the Spanish.   East=Portugal; West=Spain Term What were some of the motivations driving the Spanish and the Portuguese to explore sea routes? Definition   Spanish – Gold, god, glory; while they wanted to convert, they wanted to conquer for political, land control, wealth, and reorganization of society.  Portuguese – Convert the indigenous people to Catholicism. Term Vice-Royalties Definition Viceroy governs a province to represent monarch called a viceroyalty.  The viceroy answers to council of Indes who answers to King.  They have the same powers as king.  TWO IMPORTANT: Viceroyalty of New Granada because pirates; Viceroyalty of La Plata to control contraband.  Term Encomiendas   Definition  Large estates that were granted to conquistadors as rewards for Spanish Crown.  They received indigenous labor, a military, could tax their subjects, and were suppose to Christianize natives.  Crown could take away if a subject sued which kept them in check with the King.   Term Bourbon Reforms Definition Measures taken by Spanish crown in 18th century that increased their control over Latin American colonies.  They stripped the Church’s power and got ride of Jesuits (teachers).  It also increased taxes, tariffs, and monopolies while opening the colonies to mercantilism.    Term Tupac Amaru rebellion Definition Tupac Amaru rebellion – Rebellion led by descendant of Incan ruling family taking place in 1700s in the Andes.  Involved mostly indigenous peoples who wanted to rebel against Spanish rule. Term Impact of the Napoleonic invasions Definition War that ruined constitutional connection between Spain and colonies.  -In Spain: Ferdinand was replaced by the Napoleon’s brother.  The viceroys in LA rejected so they kept their own power. -Portugal: Caused royal family to flee to Brazil where they set up gov’t in exile, declared Brazil’s independence, and made Rio de Jinero the new capital for Portugal. Term Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Definition (Conservatives) Mexican caudillo in the 1830s and 1840s who fought against patriot causes and eventually became president of Mexico 11 times; able to install and remove Presidents at will.  He lost his leg in battle and half of Mexico. Term Juan Manuel de Rosas Definition (Conservatives) He was a violent caudillo of the people who dominated Argentina from 1829-1852.  He was a rancher who made war with indigenous people to expand ranching.  Often posted his picture on church altars and obligated people of Buenos Aires to wear red ribbon to show their support.  He also defeated British and French interventions. Term Simón Bolívar Definition  Patriot in South American wars of independence whom was known as liberator of South America due to freeing Venezuela, Colombia, and Equador.  He used nativism to attract llaneros to fight on the Patriot side and eventually gained control of northern South America. Term Liberalism – Definition Followed onset of French Revolution.  They believed in progress, .individual rights and freedoms, and free exchange of ideas. Political rights – popular sovereignty and separation of church and state Economic Rights – hands off, free trade, no tariffs, Term liberals/ conservatives (Liberal in what way?  Conserving what?) – Definition Two political parties.  Conservatives wanted to keep church and state together.  They wanted them to maintain power and stay at the center of politics. Liberals above. Term caudillo Definition  (Conservative) Typically large landowners who used their personal resources to maintain private armies.  They first rose from wars of independence, and became leaders of their political parties.    Term Nationalism Definition  This was a response to dependency—economically, ideological, and cultural of other more industrialized countries because they wanted to have their own self-determination.  Nationalist responses included Mexican Revolution, Indigenismo (Indigenous roots), Arielismo (US materialism), and nationalizing popular culture (tango). Term Nation-state Definition This term implies a sovereign territory that the citizens share a common language, culture, and values.  This resulted from wars of independence causing a splintering rather than a unification of LA countries. Term ‘Modernization’ of urban centers Definition Resulted from progress.  LA was now viewed as exporter nation and transported goods via trains and steam-powered ships.  Began with urbanization of port cities; other parts urbanized resulting in gas lighting, telephones, and suburbs.  The southern cone was heavily migrated into.   Term Monoculture Definition  One commodity defines earnings.  This was dangerous if there was a bad harvest, price drop, or someone produced for cheaper.  Large land owners got richer (hacienda).  Term Dependency Definition  This was the price for Progress, mainly exporting, in Latin America.  In order to get technological improvements, an export boom, liberalism, and population growth, Latin America had to deal with the following results.  The results from dependency included: the rise of monocultures and latifundism, growing dependency on foreign capital, a copy economy of Europe, new immigration from Europe and Asia, and increasing control from Europe. Term Oligarchies Definition  Narrow ruling class who were usually elite landowners that sometimes could lead to dictatorship.  They controlled the political process through small networks and decentralized the government.  They also provided stability for foreign investors.  Resulted in exclusive lifestyles and rigged elections. Term Social Darwinism Definition They wanted superior races to make sure they wouldn’t be doomed.  The way to do this was to become like European people and through immigration to “whiten society” because they couldn’t have a superior society with inferior races. Term Significance of land reform and education reform Definition  stop inequality Term Mercantilism vs. Liberalism Definition Mercantilism is self sufficient and believes the prosperity of the nation depends on capital and they get more wealth by having a monopoly.  Liberalism believes in open trade and those that have a comparative advantage should develop. Term Gini coefficient Definition  Ratio used by economists to measure degree of inequality in income distribution.  The higher it is the more unequal share of money there is. 0=perfect equality Term Latifundios Definition Large tracts of land owned by creoles.  They used it to grow crops they would export such cotton, coffee, and cattle. (Market Farming) Term Minifundios Definition Small plot of land that was part of Latifundio where the lower class crowded to work.  However, it wasn’t enough to support a family. They grew subsistence crops such as maize and beans. (Subsistence Farming)   Term NAFTA Definition Trade agreement involving US, Canada, and Mexico.  Meant to increase wages in Mexico, benefit low-skilled laborers, and improve Mexican trade equality.  Actually, wages fell, benefited industry but hindered agricultural sector, and benefited high-skilled laborers.  It failed mostly because Chinese entered world market and they could work for cheaper than those of LA. Term ‘Free trade’ Definition Goods flow between countries without government restrictions: taxes and tariffs. The gains of free trade include: comparative advantage, specialization, and overall increase in total wealth.  However, there are losers and winners but the gains are enough to offset the losses.  Term PROGRESA Definition Program in Mexico in which families are chosen based on income and to receive a bimonthly check if children attend school grades 3 to 9 as well as a monthly food subsidy if they go for medical care.  Successes include increased transitions to secondary school, education attainment increases, child employment fell, and nutrition improved. Term Bolsa Escola Definition  Program in Brazil for families with income less than 90 reais per month.  Children between the ages of 6 to 15 can receive money if the child attends 85% of their classes.  Millions of families and children benefit. Term SPANISH CONTROL Definition Cuba and Puerto Rico