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Human Imagination Exam 2
Study Stuff
59
Music
Undergraduate 1
11/03/2012

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Term
Galant Style
Definition
popular after baroque period; a simplification of music- less polyphony, less ornamentation, smaller ensembles, etc.
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
second part of the 18th century, beginning of the classical style. centered in Vienna, Austria. led by king Joseph II
Term
Joseph II
Definition
emperor of austria during the Enlightenment, ruled from 1780 to 1790
Term
salon
Definition
half party, half seminar: a gathering in a rich lady's home where important people discussed music, art, ideas, and rich people things.
Term
Public Concert
Definition
concerts in public (duh), usually paid for by subscriptions, commonly run for charities. first concert hall in 1748
Term
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Definition
writer, composer, music copyist. first "alienated interllectual" he believed that social institutions stifled the individual
Term
opera buffa
Definition
Italian comic opera - joseph II enjoyed
Term
sonata form
Definition
form of the first movement of a symphony
exposition, development, recapitulation
A B A'
Term
exposition
Definition
main material of the movement is presented
modulation
two themes and a cadence theme
Term
first theme
Definition
the first theme in an exposition, in the tonic key
Term
bridge
Definition
where the modulation takes place
Term
The Marriage of Figaro
Definition
Mozart opera
based off of a french play that was banned because of anti-aristocrat sentiments
Term
duet
Definition
an ensemble for 2 singers (it's a DUET)
Term
scherzo
Definition
Beetoven's replacement for the minuet
a fast movement in triple meter
italian for joke
Term
Romanticism
Definition
the movement in the l800's of striving for a better, more perfect state of being.
Term
Bohemian
Definition
insulting word for the romantics- lived irregularly, wore odd clothes, the "image" of the eccentric artist
Term
rubato
Definition
flexible rhythm, literally tempo rubato means robbed time
Term
chromaticism
Definition
a compositional style that uses all 12 pitches commonly
Term
program music
Definition
instrumental music written in association with a poem, story, or literary source- the story is the program, and the music goes along with it
Term
miniatures
Definition
pieces lasting less than a few minutes. usually written for piano or voice, they were written to convey a specific emotion
Term
thematic transformation
Definition
taking a theme and adding new versions and peppering it throughout the piece. usually not very similar, but the theme is still there
Term
idée fixe
Definition
obsession- the musical theme that represented the composers' beloved
Term
second theme
Definition
the second main theme in exposition of sonata form, which occurs after the modulation
Term
closing/cadence theme
Definition
last theme in the second group (after the bridge), constructed to end solidly.
usually marked by loud repeated cadences
Term
development
Definition
second section of sonata form
increases tension by quick modulation and repeating themes with change after change
Term
retransition
Definition
last modulation of the development, returns to tonic.
Term
recapitulation
Definition
last section of sonata form
the first theme followed by all the other themes and elements of the exposition, with no modulation
Term
coda
Definition
extra final section in sonata form
in the tonic key
used to wrap up the movement
Term
ludwig von köchel
Definition
the person who catalogued all of mozart's compositions, K *** 1862
Term
theme and variations
Definition
form of the second movement of a symphony (the slow movement)
Term
double-exposition form
Definition
form for the classical concertos, follows sonata form only with 2 expositions- orchestral and solo exposition. kind of like a cross between sonata and ritornello forms. bridge is in the solo exposition
Term
string quartet
Definition
genre for 2 violins, a viola, and a cello.
a string quartet was similar to a symphony- 4 movements with the same forms as a symphony
Term
sonata
Definition
a composition for one or two instruments
not performed in concerts, but usually for the family and friends
Term
minuet (and trio) form
Definition
form of a symphony's third movement
also called ternary form
ABA (B is the trio)
classical dance form
Term
ternary form
Definition
another name for the minuet and trio form
ABA
form of a symphony's third movement
Term
rondo form
Definition
4th movement of a symphony
much more complicated than former rondos (eg. LeBrun's sonata in F)
ABACAcoda, ABACABA, ABACADA, etc
A= a little tune, B,C, etc. are spacers for the tune
Term
orchestral exposition
Definition
first section in double-exposition form
no soloist, no change of key
Term
solo exposition
Definition
second section in double-exposition form
soloist is main listening object
bridges to new key
Term
chamber music
Definition
music designed to be played in a smaller room, not meant as much for concerts as for intimate gatherings
Term
ensemble
Definition
A number (in opera) sung by two or more people. literally an ensemble of performers singing.
Term
program symphony
Definition
symphonies with programs spelled out movement by movement
Term
character piece
Definition
short romantic-era piano pieces that portray a mood or "character"
each one is a distinct emotion
Term
Lied
Definition
a type of german song that flourished in the 19th century, a "miniature" genere
literally german for "song"
all lieder share: piano accompaniment, text from poetry, and a distinct mood
Term
nocturne
Definition
"night piece"
a piano piece featuring a striking tune, usually related to the night
Term
concert overture
Definition
a piece with a literary theme in mind, not intended to be a play or an opera. usually "overture to ___"
Term
Felix Mendelssohn
Definition
1809-1847
only composer to come from an upper class family; jewish
popular composer of concert overtures
Term
Fanny Mendelssohn
Definition
Felix Mendelssohn's older sister
also a composer
performed weekly concerts at her family's home
very little of her music released to the public, a victim of anti-women sentiment
Term
Franz Liszt
Definition
1811-1886
learned music from his father on the esterházy estate (haydn's workplace)
met beetoven at his first piano performance when he was 11
banged a lot of famous and important women
piano virtuoso
fan of Wagner's
wrote symphonic poems
Term
bel canto
Definition
"beautiful song"
popularized by Gioacchino Rossini
bel canto opera is italian romantic opera
Term
Gesamptkunsterwerk
Definition
"total work of art"
Wagner's name for his music dramas, such as The Nibelung's Ring
Term
music drama
Definition
the more common name for Wagner's operas.
Less about the music and more about a combination of it with poetry, drama, philosophy, acting, and stage design
Term
leitmotiv
Definition
"guiding/leading motive"
musical motive associated with a person, thing, idea, or symbol in the drama. Wagner used leitmotivs and their development to develop the story in his music droma
Term
Der Ring des Nibelungen
Definition
english- "the Nibelung's Ring"
Wagner's largest music drama/Gesamptkunsterwerk
4 sections that take place over 4 nights - Das Rheingold, The Valkyrie, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung (twilight of the gods)
Term
nationalism
Definition
Music for the country
incorporated national folk music into concert pieces
ex. great gate at kiev has 2 russian folk songs in it
Term
exoticism
Definition
with nationalism came audiences who wanted to hear music of other countries
ex. Puccini Madame Butterfly (Italian writing about a Japanese woman)
Term
symphonic poem
Definition
one-movement orchestral composition with a program
free musical form
liszt
Term
Mighty Five
Definition
russian "kuchka"
5 russian nationalist composers
only 1 trained musician (mily Balakirev (1837-1910) with Alexander Borodin (1833-1887, César Cui (1835-1918), Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908), and Modest Musorgsky (1839-1881)
Term
New German School
Definition
Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt
composers weren't actually german, but followed in Beetoven's footsteps
Term
Poéte maudit
Definition
an artist who lives outside of society
biography usually includes drug abuse, insanity, crime, and an early death
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