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Human Growth and Development CLEP
Flashcards based on the Exam Details given by Collegeboard for Human Growth and Development CLEP exam
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/30/2015

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Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory
(name 3)
Definition
Piaget, IP theory, Neo-Piagetian
Term
Social Cognitive Theory
Definition
(Bandura, Chomsky) Learning is a cognitive process that takes place is social context via observation and instruction, vicarious reinforcement (learning from others' rewards/punishments)
Bandura - Bobo doll
4 steps:
1) Attend/Perceive
2) Recall
3) Reproduce
4) Motivated to Reproduce/or not
Term
Sociocultural Theory
Definition
(Vygotsky) Cognitive development happens though interactions with others
ZPD
scaffolding
Development is reciprocal
Term
Hormonal Influences on development
Definition
artificial (growth) hormones sometimes offered during middle childhood: $, side effects, unknown long-term effects
Term
Influence of drugs
Definition
Alcohol in adolescence> dopamine tolerance> depression> more alcohol. May not get drunk as easily, but it affects depression, sleep patterns, mood problems

Biological addiction (substance in commonplace and therefore needed for normalcy)
Psychological addiction: dependence to cope with problems that don't go away on their own.

Smoking is on the rise for girls, esp in some countries (austria, sweden, norway)
Term
Motor development
Definition
Gross: Happens a lot in preschool years, also when handedness becomes apparent.

Prek: turn/stop quickly, jump
6-7yo: tie shoes
8: move hands independently
middle childhood: little to no diff btwn boys and girls
11-12: little difference in fine motor from adults
Term
Nutritional influences
Definition
healthy fatty acids can help with ADHD
Term
Perinatal influences
Definition
Immediately after childbirth
APGAR: (score of 1-10, 0-2 for each criterion) 4-6 is fairly low, 7 is normal
Appearance: Complexion: blue, blue extremities, pink
Pulse: absent, <100bpm, >100bpm
Grimace: response to stimulation
Activity: resisting tension/flexing
Respiration: absent, weak, or strong
Term
Physical growth and maturation/aging
Definition
Primary aging: irreversible, genetic changes
Secondary aging: due to habits/environment
Peripheral Slowing Process (Peripheral Nervous System slows)
vs. General Nervous System Slowing
Term
Sexual Maturation (male)
Definition
Primary sex characteristics: testes, sex glands
Secondary: hair, genitals
Age 12-16. Spermarche age 13 avg (1 yr after sperm production)
Puberty= increase in strength, circulation, stamina (both sexes)
Term
Sexual Maturation (female)
Definition
Primary: vagina, uterus, ovaries, sex glands
Secondary: hair, breasts
Age 8-16, avg 12
Early puberty can bring moodiness, impulsivity, depression
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Causes abnormalities in development, such as drinking while pregnant, lack of nutrients, physical restraint, or genetic disorders
Term
Cognitive Development: Attention
Definition
Attention part of the brain is fully developed at age 5.
Term
Cognitive Development: Environmental influences
Definition
urie Bronfenbrenner (Bio-Ecological Approach):
Term
Cognitive Development: Information Processing
Definition
In adolescence, they gain in areas of abstract and hypothetical thinking because:
1) gain more attention
2) more efficient memory
3) IP speed
4) Organizational strategies
5) meta-cognition
Term
Cognitive Development: Memory
Definition
Preschool: develop scripts (tell only unique parts of a story, like going out to eat), autobiographical memory inaccurate before age 3.

meta-memory: thinking about memory
middle childhood: What can I remember? Can use word-association
adolescence: How can I remember/study best?
Term
Piaget
Definition
*Sensorimotor - reflexes > repeat behaviors, assimilation and accomodation >
Action/Reaction > Object Permanence > Symbolic Thought

*Preoperational (age 2-7) Animism, Egocentrism, Pretend play, symbolic thinking/language, centration (focusing on one aspect of a stimulus and ignoring others), ego-centrism: talk to themselves

*Concrete Operational (age 7-12) conservation
active and appropriate use of concrete logic, able to think of others' experiences

*Formal Operational (12+) abstract thinking, early formal operational (fantasies), late formal operational (realistic thoughts)
Term
Cognitive Development: Play
Definition
Vygotsky: around age 3, a child uses a "pivot" or an object to bridge the gap between "I can't do this" to "I can do this, through my imagination." Thus, play serves as a bridge between can and can't. (Ex: I can't ride a horse. A stick is a pivot that allows me to pretend I can ride a horse)

Types of Play:
* constructive: manipulate/build something
* parallel play: kids play in similar manner, but don't interact
* associative play: interact/share, but do different things
* cooperative play: work together, lots of interaction
* pretend play: creativity, symbolic, out-of-the-box/abstract thinking
Term
Cognitive Development: Problem Solving and planning
Definition
Vygotsky: cultural tools: (alphabet, numbers, religion) tools that help us solve problems
affordances: opportunities to grow
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
socio-cultural
Zone of Proximal Development - you learn based on previous learning and current understanding
scaffolding
Reciprocal Teaching (middle childhood): teacher facilitates by generating questions, encouraging summarizing, clarifying, predicting

multiple types of intelligence
Term
Bilingualism
Definition
Increases IQ, self-esteem,
Learning more than one language enhances one's abilities in both languages, rather than taking away from one's abilities

Which is more similar to CAP: HAT (semantic) or CAN (phonetic)? Young Bilingual children prefer semantic. If monolingual, semantic increased with age.
Term
Language Development: Development of Syntax
Definition
Rules of grammar within sentence structure (expound)
by age 3, using plurals, possessives, past tense, etc...
Term
Language Development: Environmental, cultural, and genetic influences
Definition
Poverty leads to a smaller vocab being used parent-to-child
Term
Language Development: Language and thought
Definition
Fast mapping: new words are associated w/meaning after a brief encounter
Term
Language Development: Pragmatics
Definition
relation between sentences (expound)

in preschool, we learn practical communication, like when it's our turn to speak, what topics are okay to speak about, etc...
Term
Language Development: Semantic Development
Definition
Study of meaning (expound)
Term
Language Development: Vocalization and sound
Definition
suggests that the actual sounds of spoken language have much more to do with actual language meaning

middle childhood: still learning intonation, etc..., learning what miscommunication can affect
Term
Social Development: Aggression
Definition
As a trait, aggression is stable, but it declines during preK years.
Instrumental (boys) : goal-oriented aggression
Relational (girls) : intent is to hurt someone's feelings

Cognitive approach: interpretation of others' actions and intentions affects aggression

You can help by: asking child to come up with other reasons for people's actions

aggression ^ in boys during puberty sometimes
Term
Social Development: Attachment
Definition
Ainsworth experiment:
Secure: explores freely, but checks on the caregiver, engages with strangers, upset when caregiver leaves, happy when they return. (Parents are responsive to child's needs)

Anxious/Avoidant or Insecure: avoids or ignores caregiver, shows little emotion at departure, never explores much,ignored at caregiver's return. This is a mask of distress. (Needs frequently not met)

Anxious/Resistant or Ambivalent: Explores a little, wary of strangers (with or without caregiver present), highly distressed with caregiver leaves, ambivalent or angry when caregiver returns (parent gives care unpredictably)

Disorganized: tense or jerky movements (to control crying?) (abused children), mixed or uncategorized responses
Term
Social Development: Moral Development
Definition
Piaget: (stages) 1) Intentions are irrelevant, immediate punishment
2) insipid stage (age 7): there are rules, they're social different rules
3) autonomous/cooperative (age 10): rules can be modified, if everyone agrees

Colberg: fixed stages:
1) pre-moral: no morals
2) pre-conventional morality: follow rules based on rewards and punishments
3) conventional level of morality: maintain respect of society, you just follow the laws; that's what's just. society is right.
4)post conventional morality: follow laws that have been agreed upon by society, but laws can be modified. Then, laws represent values and principles--that's what matters. If law contradicts principles, you can disobey them. (Heinz dilemma: life is sacred, or you must avoid chaos.)

Gilligan focused on female morality:
1) focus on self
2) focus on self-sacrifice
3) balance self and others' needs
4) hurting someone is wrong (incl self)
Term
Social Development: Self
Definition
Adolescence:
ego-centrism, imaginary audience/spotlight effect, personal fables (can't happen to me, my experiences are unique)
Self-concept: how do I see myself? My peers see me? Multiple facets

identity forms based on parental expectations, culture, society, gender, sexual identity, etc...
Term
attributions effect
Definition
(Social cognition) try to figure out other people and what they do, and respond the way they do
Term
Bronfenbrenner
Definition
Bio-Ecological Approach
Focus on relationships between people and their social/cultural context
4 levels of environment that influence us:
microsystem: immediate people around us
macrosystem: larger, cultural context (economy, western culture)
exosystem: indirectly affects you (Parents' work)
mesosystem: connections between immediate environments: How are my peers affecting my home life?
Term
Parenting Styles (and how kids turn out)
Definition
authoritarian: kids withdrawn/awkward
authoritative: independent/cooperative
permissive/indifferent:dependent/moody
permissive/indulgent: low self control, low social skills
Term
Emotional expression and regulation
Definition
Emotional self-regulation: preK develop in level of control. Can negotiate and express desires/wishes
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
Kenneth Dodge (IP approach) says social skills involve:
1) id social cues
2) interpret and evaluate cues
3) determine options
4) evaluate consequences of each option
5) choose option
6) assess

Coleman said emotional literacy should be taught in schools
Term
Erikson
Definition
psycho-social
8 fixed stages
prek: shame and self doubt can come from overprotecting a child. This is a stage when they start becoming their own person and make decisions.

middle childhood: id selves in terms of industry, mastery, competence (I'm good at _____), social comparison

Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion: are they able to identify socially acceptable roles for themselves?

psychological moratorium: to let go of responsibilities and try new roles

Young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation (includes friendships)

generativity vs. stagnation : what have I generated for the world? (mid adulthood)
ego integrity vs. despair (late adultdood)
Term
Freud
Definition
phallic stage (preK) - wanting to play with same-gendered peers
Term
Personality and Emotion: Temperament
Definition
Patterns of arousal and behavior (not what they do or why): easy baby, difficult baby, slow to warm up, inconsistent
Term
Occupational Development
Definition
Career Choice Theory (3 stages)
fantasy: I want to be a mermaid, fireman,
tentative: fireman is dangerous. Maybe a dr?
realistic: try it out, get experience, see if it's what you want
Term
Preschool, Daycare
Definition
1:4 adult:child, groups no more than 8, handwashing, clean, engaging with kids
Term
Elder Care
Definition
institutionalism can lead to learned helplessness. 5% live in nursing homes, 10% in other institution
Term
Retirement
Definition
Retirement has lowered to age 60
continuers: keep doing what they're doing
involved spectators: facilitate, but aren't actively involved
adventurers: start something new
searchers: try new things to decide how to spend retirement
easy gliders: go with the flow, don't worry about it.
Retreaters: become depressed, withdrawn
Term
Antisocial Behavior
Definition
Crime:
undersocialized: ignored by parents, rejected by peers, low intelligence... unlikely to be rehabilitated
socialized delinquents: conform to society, usually influenced by group, crimes more minor... can be rehabilitated
Term
Asocial behavior
Definition
Fears, phobias and obsessions (expound)
Term
Chronic illness and physical disabilities
Definition
Most people have at least one chronic illness, such as arthritis or high BP
Term
dementia
Definition
Term
Giftedness
Definition
Can use enrichment (give more challenging material) or acceleration (skip a grade)
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
The ability to attribute mental states — beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc. — to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own. Deficits can occur in people with autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as neurotoxicity due to alcohol abuse.
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