Term
| The goal of the science of human development |
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Definition
| To understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. |
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Term
| 5 steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
1) Begin with curiosity and pose a question.
2) Develop a hypothesis.
3) Test the hypothesis.
4) Draw conclusions.
5) Report the results. |
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Term
| Age range for stages of development |
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Definition
Infancy 0-2
Early childhood 2-6
Middle childhood 6-11
Adolescence 11-18
Emerging adulthood 18-25
Adulthood 25-65
Late adulthood 65+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Microsystems - immediate surroundings.
2) Exosystems - local institutions.
3) Macrosystems - cultural values, economic policies, etc.
4) Chronosystems - the time.
5) Mesosystems - the connections between these systems. |
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Term
| Difference-equals-deficit error |
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Definition
| Humans tend to believe that they, their nation, and their culture are a little better than others. |
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Term
| Theories of human development |
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Definition
1) Psychoanalytic theory
2) Behaviorism
3) Social learning theory
4) Cognitive theory
5) Humanism
Also evolutionary theory, but it's not technically considered a school of thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-First psychoanalyst
-Proposes five psychosexual stages during which sensual satisfaction is linked to developmental needs and conflicts.
-Suggests early conflict resolution determines personality patterns |
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Term
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Definition
-Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis
-Proposed five psychosocial stages build on Freud's theory, but added three adult stages |
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Definition
Learning theory
-Focuses on observable behavior
-Describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
Conditioning
-Proposes that learning takes place through processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli
Classical conditioning
-Demonstrates that behaviors can be learned by making an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
-Also called respondent conditioning
Operant conditioning
-Proposes that reinforcement or punishment may be used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future
-Also called instrumental conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
-Received the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his digestive processes research.
-Resulted in discovery of classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
-American psychologist
-One of earliest proponent of behaviorism and learning theory
-Argued that scientists should examine only what they could observe and measure
-Proposed anything can be learned with focus on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-Agreed with Watson that psychology should focus on the scientific study of behavior
-Was best known for experiments with rats, pigeons and his own daughter |
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Term
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Definition
-Extension of behaviorism that emphasizes that other people influence each person's behavior.
-Proposes that even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people; modeling |
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Term
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Definition
-First described social learning theory
-Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior
-Proposes a multidimensional approach, including differential sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
-Proposes thoughts and expectations profoundly affect actions, attitudes, beliefs and assumption
-Focuses on changes in how people think over time |
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Term
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Definition
-Maintained that cognitive development occurs in four major age-related periods, or stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
-Intellectual advancement occurs lifelong because humans seek cognitive equilibrium
-Assimilation or Accomodation |
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Term
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Definition
| -Stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender |
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Term
| Albert Maslow (1908-1970) |
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Definition
-One of founders of humanism
-Arranged shared human needs in hierarchy
-Contended that everyone must satisfy each lower level before moving higher |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Love and belonging
4) Esteem
5) Self-actualization |
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