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Human Growth and Devel. 1
Test 1
123
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/17/2012

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Cards

Term
prenatal period
Definition

-conception to birth

-only period bound by biological events!!!

Term
Infancy
Definition

birth-age 2

-ends when they can communicate in their native tongue

Term
neonate
Definition
0-30 days (newborn)
Term
toddler
Definition
walking infant; (11 mo-2 years)
Term
early childhood
Definition
2-6
Term
middle childhood
Definition
6-11 years
Term
adolescence
Definition
roughly 12-19 years
Term
emerging adulthood
Definition

roughly 19-25

-made by jeff arnette

-controversial bc not everyone goes through it

-college, etc

Term
early adulthood
Definition
roughly 25-40/45 years
Term
middle adulthood
Definition

40/45-60/65 years

-dependent on health

Term
late adulthood
Definition
60/65 years-death
Term
physical domain of development/functioning
Definition
growth, motor skills, puberty, eating, sleeping, sex, etc.
Term
cognitive domain of development/functioning
Definition
thinking skills, info-processing, language, self-awareness, problem-solving, imagination, dreaming
Term
social domain of development/functioning
Definition
interactions and relationships with people 
Term
emotional domain of development/functioning
Definition
emotions, effective disorders (mood disorders, depression, borderline disorder, bipolar, anxiety disorders)
Term
ecological systems theory (social systems)
Definition

by Bronfenbrenner

-the individual is in the center of a set of interaction systems

-reciprocal and dynamic

(microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem)

Term
microsystem
Definition

smallest sets of system; small and we interact in them on a daily basis; direct affects and and we affect them

ex. class, family, club, team, 

Term
mesosystem
Definition

link microsystems together

ex. homework links class and family/impacts them

salary links work and home

Term
exosystem
Definition

larger; community structures, local institutions, social support systems

ex. city park, school, church, food bank, jail, hospitals, police, mountaineer times

Term
macrosystem
Definition

large encompassing system

ex. religion, military, racism/sexism, values about education, politics, the media, the economy

Term
chronosystem
Definition

aging and history; experiencing historicl events

ex. 9/11, WWII, 1st black president

Term
Age-Graded Influence
Definition

dependent on time you live in, social class, culture

ex. going to college, driver's license, marriage, retirement

Term
History-Graded Influence
Definition

big events that impact a lot of people at once

ex. katrina, 9/11, columbine, earthquake, japan tsunami

Term
Non-normative Influences
Definition

do not expect to happen at all or expected to happen but not when it does

ex. serious illness, house burn down, hit by a tornado, winning the lottery, teen pregnancy, loss of a parent at a young age

**most stressful/most impactful

Term
cohort
Definition

people within 5-10 years of your age

-experienced an influence at about the same time 

(osama bin laden's death)

Term
ethnic group
Definition

same nationality, language, religion, diet, clothing

***NOT RACE

Term
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES)
Definition
where you live, occupation, education
Term
World Views
Definition

aka metatheories

meta=whatever follows it, ex. theories on theories

Term
Mechanism World View
Definition

-machine-like

-NURTURE

-see env as strongest influence of development

-force=change

-ex. behaviorism is a mechanistic theory

Term

Organicism World View

 

Definition

-organism is primary influence in its own development

-little env influence

-NATURE

-ex. child only learns through its own interactions (montessori)

-piaget!

Term
Contextualism
Definition

-strong, reciprocal, dynamic interaction between person and env

-Bronfenbrenner

-NATURE AND NURTURE

-"a person cannot step in the same river twice"

Term
Deficit v Difference 
Definition

-Hans dilemma

-girls develop social accomodation; boys develop justice orientation

-kohlberg says female deficit

-Gilligan says difference in how they played as kids

Term
Freud Classic Theories
Definition
psychosexual theory (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Term
Erikson Classic Theory
Definition

Psychosocial Theory

-1st lifespan theory of development

Term
Piaget Classic theory
Definition
Cognitive Theory
Term
Classic Theories 
Definition

Freud-psychosexual

erikson-psycosocial

-piaget-cognitive theory

Term
Lorenz Recent Theory
Definition

Ethology-drives/motives, biological and unconscious

-fixed action patterns

-imprinting

-Lorenz's ducks who followed boots

Term
fixed action patterns (ethology)-Lorenz
Definition

particular scripted behaviors certain animals participate in

-mating calls

Term
imprinting (ethology)-Lorenz
Definition
related to bonding; certain species when animal is born, first thing it sees it bonds with (mother)
Term
Vygotsky Recent Theory
Definition

sociocultural theory-cognitive and social development

-counterpoint to piaget

Term
Bronfenbrenner Recent Theory
Definition
Ecological Theory-social systems (micro, meso, exo, macro, etc)
Term
recent theories
Definition

Lorenz-Ethology

Vygotsky-sociocultural 

Bronfenbrenner-ecological theory

Term
Scientific Method
Definition

1. Observe and formulate research question

2. Create a hypothesis

3. test the hypothesis

4. draw conclusions

5. make your findings available (publish)

Term
Systematic Observation
Definition

-naturalistic-natural actions; people in natural env

-structured-where you go w/ intention to find certain things; set up circumstances

Term
self-reports
Definition

-clinical interview

-structured interviews, questionnaires, tests

-\

Term
cognitive measures
Definition
IQ, short term memory, attention span
Term
physiological measures
Definition
salavation, muscle contraction, etc.
Term
Independent Variable 
Definition
experimenter has direct control and munipulates it
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
whether or not your munipulation had an effect
Term
Limits of experiments
Definition

correlation does not always mean causation

-not always applicable to the real world (setting may be too controlled)

-generalizability is limited with experiments

Term
Developmental Research Designs
Definition
trying to look at change with age over time
Term
cohort effects
Definition
IQ (age groups have different educations)
Term
longitudinal research
Definition

-test same people repeatedly over time

a)practice effects-IQ shows improvement w/ # of times taken

b)time of measurement effects

ex. attitudes about flying in 2000 vs. 9/11 fears

--TSA changes rules

Term
Longitudinal sequential designs
Definition

-combines cross-sectional and longitudinal

--take people born in different yers, but test them at the same age

Term
Ethics
Definition
-informed consent, minimize risk/harm, confidentiality, no deception unless necessary, provide benefits, etc. (to society or the individual)
Term
Gametes
Definition

meiosis

-ovum+sperm=zygote

Term
Zygote
Definition

mitosis

-once a zygote, all cells are made by mitosis division

Term
Genotype
Definition
-genetic make-up of an individual
Term
phenotype
Definition

observable characteristics of an individual 

--how they are expressed

Term
Genes
Definition
we have roughly 30,000
Term
Alleles
Definition

different expression of a genetic characteristic

-blue eyes, green eyes, etc.

Term
Chromosomes
Definition

23 pairs (46 individual)

an organized structure of dna

Term
autosomes
Definition

1st 22 pairs (most characteristics)

 

Term
sex chromosomes
Definition

23rd pair

xx=female

xy=male

Term
androgen insensitivity
Definition

XY enbryo can't use testosterone that it makes

-possibly interesexed w/ female appearance

-always sterile

-models

Term
pseudo-hermaphroditism
Definition
intersexuality
Term
androgenital syndrome
Definition
girls exposed to excess androgens and form a small penis
Term
x-linked recessives
Definition

in 23rd chromosome

-only on X

-for women to get it, they must be homozygous for trait

-for men to get it they only need one bc nothing on Y covers it

Term
genetic imprinting
Definition
some genes may be more powerful/frequent if from which specific parent
Term
mutation
Definition
most common mutation is from radiation exposure
Term
polygene
Definition

many genes work together for a trait

-IQ, height, skin tone, 

Term
gene-environment interactions
Definition

height (malnutrition)

intelligence (lack of enriched env)

-abuse causes genes to fray

Term
syndrome
Definition
cluster of common characteristics that co-occur
Term
down syndrome
Definition

trisomy 21

webbing, social interactions, motor difficulties

Term
sex chromosome abnormalities
Definition

difference in appearance

cognitive impairments

sterile

Term
Kleinfelter Syndrome (XXY)
Definition

guy is typically tall w/ acne; not normal w/ puberty

-need extra androgens to get through puberty

-aggressive

-sterile

Term
XYY syndrome
Definition

tall w/ acne

couple dozen extra genes

does go through puberty

-aggressive

-cognitive impairment

-NOT sterile

Term
Fragile X syndrome
Definition

more common w/ males (5x)

-mental retardation

Term
XXX or XXXX
Definition

cognitive impairment

looks normal

Term
turner syndrome-X0
Definition
short, lots of webbing, sterile, learning disabilities
Term
Dominent Gene Disorders
Definition

Huntington's Disease-can be heterozygous, lack of use of limbs, cognitive probz

 

Marphian Syndrome-tissue elasticity issues

Term

Recessive Gene Disorders

(metabolic disorders)

Definition
Cystic Fibrosis, Tay Sachs, PKU, Sickle Cell Anemia
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
fluid in lungs; lifespan=only young adult
Term
Tay Sachs
Definition
jewish people; fats build up on brain, paralyzed, blind, deaf (3 yr life span)
Term
PKU
Definition
can't break down phylolanine (amino acid); brain damage
Term
Sickle Cell
Definition

African American and Latin American (tropical areas)

-protects from malaria; attacks tissues

Term
X-linked recessives
Definition
hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, color blindness
Term
hemophilia
Definition
lack of clotting in blood
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
wasting away; attacks nervous syndrome, lacks strength
Term
genetic counseling
Definition
check to see what you may pass to child
Term
Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
Definition

Sonogram/Ultrasound

Amniocentesis

Alphafetaprotein

Chorian Villi Sampling

Diagnostic and Operative Fetoscopy

Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
more invasive/dangerous, looks at dna from amniotic fluid; fairly high rate of miscarriage 1:200, 12 weeks into pregnancy before possible
Term
Alphafetaprotein (AFP)
Definition
take blood and see if there is spinal bifida or down syndrome; high false positive rate
Term
Chorion Villi Sampling
Definition
can be done earlier (8 weeks); more risks: misscarriage, limb malformations; put in placenta to pull out villi
Term
Diagnostic and Operative Fetoscopy
Definition
camera attached to catheter to photograph fetus
Term
period of the zygote
Definition

weeks 1-2

really rapid cell division

Term
2 layers of zygote/blastocyte
Definition

inner layer becomes embryo

outer layer becomes support system

Term
implantation
Definition

7 days after conception

burrows into uteran wall

placenta develops here

Term
embryonic period
Definition

weeks 3-8

 

Term
proximodistal 
Definition
center-out; extrimities 
Term
cephalocaudal
Definition
top to bottom development
Term
Three Layers in Embryonic Period
Definition

weeks 3-8

Ectoderm & neural tube-becomes nervous system, brain, skin, hair

mesoderm-becomes heart, bones, muscles

endoderm-becomes organs and glands (pancreas, thyroid, etc)

Term
First Trimester
Definition
zygote, blastocyte, embryo, heart is beating, some movement
Term
second trimester
Definition
lots of brain development, sight development, thumb sucking, fingernails, eyelashes, teeth (under gum)
Term
third trimester
Definition
weight gain, lung development, brain development
Term
Fetal Period
Definition

9 weeks through birth; muscle and bone development, major organs, some digestion, some reflexes

 

fetus is basically fully formed

Term
sensitive/critical period
Definition
embryonic period (3-8 wks) is where there is the most chance of teratogens causing birth deficits
Term
Teratogenic Effects
Definition
learning disabilities, malformations in limb, brain damage, immune system problems, facial feature differences, deafness/blindness
Term
Common Teratogens
Definition

Diseases: STDs, measles, rubella, toxoplasmosis, flu

 

Drugs: Thalidomide (morning sickness, missing limbs), Alcohol, low intelligence, stunted growth, cigarette smoking, radiation, pollutants (mercury)

Term
Protective Factors
Definition
nutrition, prenatal care, social support, financial resources and insurance
Term
times
Definition

labor=12 hrs for 1st child; 7 hrs for 2nd child

delivery (after head pops thru)=30-45 mins

Afterbirth=couple mins

Term
placenta previa
Definition
when placenta comes off by tearing and doesn't occur naturally; horrible pain; will cause baby to lose oxygen if still inside
Term
Apgar scale
Definition

tests heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and reflexes

scored 0-2

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

Term
anoxia
Definition
no oxygen, can cause cerebral palsy, baby in stress
Term
low birth weight
Definition

less than 5.5 pounds

-small for gestational age (SGA)

baby who is full term, but low birth weight; more likely to have long term problems

Term
problems of at risk infants
Definition

respiratory distress syndrome (lungs aren't fully developed)

week sucking/eating reflexes

cognitive deficits

delayed physical and social development

parental stress from separation of mom/baby, money stress, etc.

Term
Intervention for preterm infants
Definition

isolette-little box baby is put in

respirator

feeding tube

iv meds (lung meds and antibiotics)

special infant stimulation

parent training in caregiving

Term
Reflexes
Definition
-involuntary response to stimulus, indicate nervous system issues, some are protectie, some are for survival (eating)
Term
primitive reflexes
Definition

semi-perm: Moro-startled reflex:throw arms out and in

disappear:babinski-touch bottom of fot; toes spread, if reappears, neuro problem

stepping-baby feet put on ground begin to step, disappears 2-4 mo

swimming-hold baby on belly in water, doggy paddle

palmar grasp-touch baby's palm, hand closes (gone 3-4 mo)

tonic neck reflex-turn head and arms correspond

Term
Regular sleep
Definition

baby is quiet and still (difficult to wake)

mostly non rem sleep

Term
irregular sleep
Definition

baby is moving, restless, and vocalizing/crying

REM!!!

***babies spend a lot of time in REM for brain devel.

Term
infant perception
Definition

20/200; see best 12-18" away 

-prefer black and white; less color vision at first, later they prefer bright colors not pastels

Term
hearing
Definition
babies hear early, even in 3rd trimester; well developed
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