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Human growth exam 1
chapter 1
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/27/2008

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Term
What is Human Development?
Definition
A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
Term
Theory
Definition
an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
1) Describe. 2) Explain. 3) predict
Term
Three basic issues of development theories:
Definition
1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous?
2) One course of development for all people or multiple?
3) Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development?
Term
Continuous
Definition
a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
Term
Discontinuous
Definition
a process in which new and different ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
Term
Continuous or Discontinuous?
"The difference b/t the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity"
Definition
that is a Continuous way of thinking
Term
The discontinuous perspective regards development as taking place in _____.
Definition
Stages.
Term
Stages
Definition
Qualitative changes in the thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development.

Think climbing a staircase.
Term
Contexts
Definition
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.

Ex: what contexts a shy person developed versus someone extrovert...
Term
What is the Nature-Nurture controversy in a nutshell? it can be any kind of nut.
Definition
Are genetic or environmental factors more important?
Term
Nature
Definition
the genes we got from our parents.

no...not levi's
Term
Nurture
Definition
complex forces of physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth.
Term
The Four assumptions of the Lifespan Perspective hold that development is:
Definition
1) Lifelong
2) multidimensional and multidirectional
3) highly plastic-change is possible
4)affected by multiple interactin forces
Term
The three broad domains that change occurs in according to the Lifespan Perspective:
Definition
1) Physical
2) Cognitive
3) emotional/social
Term
Three main categories of influence on development:
Definition
1) Age-graded influences
2) History Graded influences
3) Nonnormative Influences.
Term
Age-Graded influences.
Definition
Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last.

Ex: Biology: puberty, menopause, learning to walk.
Social: starting school, getting your driver license.
Term
History-Graded Influences
Definition
explain why cohorts tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born other times.

Ex: economic depression, epidemics, wars, the internet,
Term
Nonnormative Influences.
Definition
Events that are irregular.
They happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.

Ex:Getting mugged, a blind date, winning the lottery, saving a ton of money on your car insurance by switching to Geiko .
Term
Resilience
Definition
The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
Term
Philosophies of Childhood:
Definition
-Tabula rasa
-noble savages
-original sin
-innate goodness
Term
Tabula rasa
Definition
-Latin for "blank slate"
-Theory supported by John Locke.
-Children begin with nothing and are shaped by experience.
-change from harshness to kindness and compassion.
-
Term
Noble Savages
Definition
-children are naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.
-believed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-2 parts: Stage and maturation.
Term
Maturation
Definition
genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
Term
What did John Locke propose?
Definition
Tabula rasa
Term
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau think?
Definition
Noble savage
Term
G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell developed the __________ ____.
Definition
Normative approach.
Term
Normative Approach
Definition
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
Term
psychoanalytic perspective
Definition
people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts b/t biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the individual's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
Term
Two main contributers to the the Psychoanalytic perspective?
Definition
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson
Term
Psychosexual Theory
Definition
emphasized that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.
-developed by Sigmund Freud
Term
Three Parts of personality:
Definition
Id-basic biological needs and desires

Ego-the conscious, rational pert of personality

Superego-the conscience
Term
psychosocial theory
Definition
emphasis that the ego does not just mediate b/t id impulses and superego demands. At each stage, it also acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.
-developed by Erickson
Term
The Psychosexual Stages are?
Definition
-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
-holds that directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of study.
Term
Social Learning Theory.
Definition
-Devised by Albert Bandura
-Emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undersirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.
Term
Cognitive-developmental Theory
Definition
-Devised by Jean Piaget
-children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
Term
Information Processing
Definition
Perspective that the human mind might be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
Term
developmental cognitive neuroscience
Definition
-A new area of investigation that expands on information processing
-combines psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship b/t changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior pattersn.
Term
____________ is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
Definition
Ethology.
Term
Name two European zoologists who laid the foundation for Ethology.
Definition
-Konrad Lorenz
-Niko Tinbergen.
Term
Sensitive Period
Definition
a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences.
Term
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Definition
A field that seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.
Term
Sociocultural theory
Definition
-Developed by Lev Vygotsky
-Focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
-Social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
Term
Who developed the sociocultural theory?
Definition
Lev Vygotsky
Term
Urie Bronfenbrenner devloped ________ _____ ______.
Definition
Ecological Systems Theory
Term
Ecological Systems Theory
Definition
Views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
Term
What are Bronfenbrenner's five layers of the environment?
Definition
1)Microsystem
2)Mesosystem
3)Exosystem
4)Macrosystem
5)Chronosystem
Term
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological systems theory, ________ is the innermost layer of the environment and consist's of things in one's immediate environment.
Definition
Microsystem
Term
What is the Mesosystem?
Definition
The second level of Bronfenbrenner's model which encompasses connections b/t microcystems.
Term
What is the Mesosystem?
Definition
The second level of Bronfenbrenner's model which encompasses connections b/t microcsystems.
Term
The Exosystem is made up of _____ _____ that do not contain the developing person but still affect _________ in immediate settings.
Definition
Social Settings, Experiences.
Term
The Macrosystem is?
Definition
Outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
Term
Chronosystem.
Definition
History/time related things.
Starting school, war, getting someone knocked up, getting the big promotion.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
-Going into the field, or natural enviornment, and record the behavior of interest.
Term
Structured observatiosn
Definition
ovservations in which the investigator sets up a lab situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response.
Term
Clinical interview
Definition
Interview where researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view.
Term
Structured Interviews
Definition
Interviews in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way
Term
The clinical/case study method
Definition
-outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory
-brings together a wide range of info on one person, including interviews, observations, and sometimes test cores.
Term
Ethnography
Definition
a descriptive, qualitative technique. But instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation.
Term
The two main types of designs that are used in all research of human behavior are?
Definition
-Correlational
-Experimental
Term
Correlational design
Definition
researchers look for relationships b/t participans characteristics and their behavior or development.
Term
Correlation Coefficient
Definition
a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with one another.
-closer the value is to +1.00 or -1.00 the stronger the relationship is
Term
Experimental design
Definition
permits inferences about cause and effect b/c researchers use an evenhanded procedure t oassign people to two or more treatment conditions.
Term
Longitudinal design
Definition
study in which participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older.
Term
Cross-sectional
Definition
The investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
Term
Sequential
Definition
the investigator conducts several similiar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences) at varying times.
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