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Human Growth & Development (CH 3)
Vocabulary Words
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2012

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Term
Fertilization
Definition
Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception
Term
Zygote
Definition
one- celled organism resulting from fertilization
Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
Twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells. (Fraternal twins) No more alike genetically than any other sibling. 
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
Twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization.  (Identical twins) They are genetically similar.
Term

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

Definition
Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life.
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determines the structure and functions of living cells.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Coils of DNA that consist of genes.
Term
Genes
Definition
Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity.
Term
Human Genome
Definition
Complete sequence of genes in the human body.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
In the humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.
Term
Sex Chromosomes
Definition
Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.
Term
Alleles
Definition
Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Possessing two identicle alleles for a trait
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Possessing differing alleles for a trait.
Term
Dominant Inheritance
Definition
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child recieves different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.
Term
Recessive Inheritance
Definition
Pattern of inheritance in which a child recieves identicle recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait.
Term
Mutations
Definition
Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characterisics.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Observable characteristics of a person.
Term
Genotype
Definition
Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
Term
Multifactorial Transmission
Definition
Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.
Term
Epigenesis
Definition
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
Pattern of inheritance in which a child  recieves two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.
Term
Sex- Linked Inheritance
Definition
Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes.
Term
Genetic Counseling
Definition
Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.
Term
Behavioral Genetics
Definition
Quantitiative study of relative heredity and environmental influences on behavior.
Term
Heritability
Definition
Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.
Term
Concordant
Definition
Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
Term
Reaction Range
Definition
Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a heredity trait.
Term
Canalization
Definition
Limitation on varience of expression of certain inherited characteristics.
Term
Genotype- Environment Interaction
Definition
The portion of phenotype variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.
Term
Genotype-Environment Correlation
Definition
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype- environment covariance.
Term
Niche-picking
Definition
Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
Term
Nonshared Environmental Effects
Definition
The unique environmentin which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
Term
Obesity
Definition
Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height and body type.
Term
Temperament
Definition
Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions.
Term
Gestation
Definition
Period of development between conception and birth.
Term
Gestational Age
Definition
Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle.
Term
Germinal Stage
Definition
First 2 weeks of prenantal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus
Term
Embryonic Stage
Definition
Second stage of gestation (2-8 weeks) Characterizedby rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.
Term
Spontaneous Abortion
Definition
Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)
Term
Fetal Stage
Definition
Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
Prenantal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and it's movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
Term
Teratogenic
Definition
Capable of causing birth defects.
Term

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

(FAS)

Definition
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.
Term

AIDS

(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Definition
Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.
Term
Stress
Definition
Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism.
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