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Human Devlopment
For AP psych test
78
Psychology
11th Grade
04/25/2007

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Term
enviroment
Definition
a person's surroundings, which influence the person's characteristics and development
Term
nature/nuture controversy
Definition
contrasting views of how we gain certain characteristics: nature refers to heredity, nuture to enviroment
Term
genes
Definition
the basic units of heredity
Term
chromosomes
Definition
structures containing genes; all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, except reproductive cells, which contain 23
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized egg
Term
dizygotic twins
Definition
twins who develop from different eggs fertilized by different sperm; they are not identical in their genetic make up
Term
heredity
Definition
characteristics obtained directly from the genes
Term
maturation
Definition
the automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development
Term
growth cycles
Definition
orderly patterns of development
Term
imprinting
Definition
a biological process in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to their mothers
Term
critical period
Definition
a specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or a particular association can occur
Term
feral children
Definition
children supposedly reared by animals
Term
nuclear family
Definition
parents and their children
Term
extended family
Definition
nuclear family plus other relatives
Term
permissive parenting style
Definition
parenting style in which parents let children do as they wish; few rules are made or enforced
Term
authoritarian (distorial) parenting style
Definition
parenting style in which parents rigdly set the rules and demand obedience
Term
authoritative parenting style
Definition
parenting sytle in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexible in enforcing rules
Term
seperation anxiety
Definition
the baby's fear of being away from the parent
Term
cognitive development
Definition
the ways in which thinking and reasoning grown and change
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
Piaget's first state of child development, from birth to about two years of age, in which knowledge is tied to movement and objects in the enviroment
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
Piaget's second stage of child development, from about two to seven years of age, in which children acquire language and the ability to use symbols but are still not capable of logical thought
Term
reversibility
Definition
Piaget's term for the idea that a relationship that goes in one direction can go in the another direction also
Term
conservation
Definition
Piaget's term for the idea that some of an object's characteristics can be changed while others remain the same; for example, changing shape does not change volume
Term
concrete operations stage
Definition
Piaget's third stage of child development, from about 7 to 11 years of age, in which the child understands that there is a real world with real objects, which exhist apart from the child and which can be manipulated
Term
formal operational stage
Definition
Piaget's fourth stage of child development, beginning at about 11 years of age, in which the ability to deal with the highly symbolic and abstract thoughts found in logic, math, philosophy, and ethics begins to appear
Term
preconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's early stage of moral development, in which morality is determined by the sheer power of outside authority
Term
conventional stage
Definition
Kohlberg's middle stage of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding what is right or wrong
Term
postconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's last stage of moral development, in which personal ethics and human rights come into play
Term
adolescence
Definition
the period development between childhood and adulthood
Term
puberty
Definition
the time of sexual maturation
Term
dizygotic twins
Definition
twins who develop from different eggs fertilized by different sprem; they are not identical in their genetic make up
Term
monozygotic twins
Definition
twins who develop from one fertilized egg; they are identical in their genetic makeup
Term
maturation
Definition
the automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development
Term
growth cycles
Definition
orderly patterns of development
Term
imprinting
Definition
a biological process in which the young of ccertain species follow and become attached to their mothers
Term
critical period
Definition
a specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or a particular association can occur
Term
fertal children
Definition
children supposedly reared by animals
Term
nuclear family
Definition
parents and their children
Term
extended family
Definition
nuclear family plus other relatives
Term
permissive parenting style
Definition
parenting style in which parents let children do as they wish; few rules are made or enforced
Term
authoritarian (dictatorial) parenting style
Definition
parenting style in which parents rigidly set the rules and demand obedience
Term
authoritative parenting style
Definition
parenting style in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexiable in enforcing rules
Term
seperation anxiety
Definition
the baby's fear of being away from the parent
Term
cognitive development
Definition
the ways in which thinking and reasoning grow and change
Term
senorimotor stage
Definition
Piaget's first stage of child development, from birth to about two years of age, in which knowledge is tied to movement and objects in the enviroment
Term
object permanence
Definition
Piaget's term for the awareness that specific objects are real and exist all by themselves
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
Piaget's second stage of child development, from about two to secen years of age, in which children acquire language and the ability to use symnbols but are still not capable of logical thought
Term
reversibility
Definition
Piaget's term for the idea that a relationship that goes in one direction can go in the other direction also
Term
conservation
Definition
Piaget's term for the idea that some of an object's characteristics can be changed while other remain the same; for example, changing shape does not change volume
Term
concrete operations stage
Definition
Piaget's third stage of child development, from about 7 to 11 years of age, in which the child understands that there is a real world with real objects, which exist apart from the child and which can be manipulated
Term
formal operations stage
Definition
Piaget's fourth stage of child development, beginning at about 11 years of age, in which the highly symbolic and abstract thoughts found in logic, math, philosophy, and ethics begin to appear
Term
preconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's early stage of moral development, in which morality is determined by the sheer power of outside authority
Term
conventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's middle stage of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding what is right or wrong
Term
postconcentional level
Definition
Kohlberg's last stage of moral development, in which personal ethics and human rights come into play
Term
adolescence
Definition
the period of development between childhood and adulthood
Term
puberty
Definition
the time of sexual maturation
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical regulations that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality
Term
pituitary glansa
Definition
the master gland of the body; it activates other glands and controls the growth hormone
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity; also involved in sexual maturation
Term
gonads
Definition
the sex gland
Term
growth spurt
Definition
a rapid increase in growth during puberty
Term
early maturer
Definition
someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more ahead of average development
Term
late maturer
Definition
someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more behind average development
Term
eating disorders
Definition
conditions in which a person cannot read the body's nutritional signals and eat or refuses to eat for the wrong reasons
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder that involves beinging on food and purging by vomiting or using laxatives
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder that involves severe loss of weight from excessive dieting
Term
rite of passage
Definition
a socially recognized and ritualized change in status, such as the passage to adulthood
Term
crowds
Definition
large groups with loose rules and changeable memberships
Term
clique
Definition
a very tightly knit group with limited membershit and strict rules of behavior; normally tied to school activities
Term
gang
Definition
a rebellious, antisocial group with strict rules; not connected with accepted school or social organizations
Term
group identity versus alienation
Definition
Erikson's idea that early adolescents either belong to a group of feel lost (alienated)
Term
identity
Definition
a sense of oneself as a unique person
Term
identity confusion
Definition
Erikson's term for uncertainty about who one is and where one is going
Term
mortatorium
Definition
a term used by both Erkison and Marcia to describe the adolescent's decay in making the commitments normally expected of adults
Term
fidelity
Definition
Erikson's term for faithfulness to one's ideals and values; loyalty
Term
foreclosure
Definition
Marcia's term for the state in which the adolescent accepts that identity and values he or she was given in childhood
Term
negatice identity
Definition
Marcia's term for an identity that results from defining oneself as bad or as a troublemaker
Term
diffusion
Definition
Marcia;s term for the state in which the adolescent has no clear idea of his or her identity and is not attmepting to find that identity
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