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Human Deveolpment
test 2
57
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Purpose of “Baby fat.”
Definition
helps the small infant maintain a constant body temperature.
Term
Number of neurons in human brain
Definition
The human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons
Term
Characteristics associated with right vs. left hemispheres or the brain
Definition
Right- spacal bilateral (left side of body) negative emotions
Left- responsible verbal(right side of body) positive emotions
Term
Hours of sleep 2-year old needs
Definition
12-13 hours
Term
Methods to help comfort or put baby to sleep
Definition
Singing, routines, swottling, physical touch(holding),
Term
Co-sleeping trends worldwide.
Definition
90% of world likely to co-sleep with children
Term
Relationship between diet and height.(weight)
Definition
Determined more by genetics
Term
Weights of adopted children reflect?
Definition
Biological parents
Term
The World Health Organization recommendations for breastfeeding and solid food intake.
Definition
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age 2 years, with solid foods added at 6 months.
Term
Benefits of breastfeeding.
Definition
Free, protection from repiratory and other infections, bonding with child, reduced risk of breast cancer, better nutrietion to child
Term
Identify conditioned vs. unconditioned response.
Definition
Classical conditioning
Term
Benefits of voluntary reaching.
Definition
Adaptive behavior, greater control of environment, promotes being held
Term
Behaviors of infants with a lot of crawling experience.
Definition
depth perception, more socializing, remember location of things, object permanence picked up quicker for early crawlers
Term
In the violation-of-expectation method, infant lends their attention to?
Definition
Children will look at things longer when there is a violation of expectation
Term
Beliefs of cognitive psychologists on development and innate skills.
Definition
Children have innate capacity for language
Term
Components of the information-processing model. (how long each)
Definition
Sensory resgister
Long term memory
Short term
Working memory
Term
Vygotsky’s perspectives on learning.
Definition
Role of social interaction.
Child better able to learn better or more by an expert (parents or older children)
Term
Benefits of parents talking and reading to their infants and toddlers.
Definition
Language development
Interaction/bonding
More to girls
Term
Percent of mothers with a child under age 2 who are employed.
Definition
60% and increasing
Term
Percent of child-care settings in the United States that provide a level of sufficient care . .
Definition
20-25%
Term
Quality of child care in US.
Definition
More negative percetion
Term
B.F. Skinner’s perspective on language development.
Definition
Term
The earlier toddlers form word
Definition
–gestures the sooner they produce two-word utterances.
Term
At all ages,
Definition
comprehension develops ahead of production
Term
Once toddlers produce about 200 words, they start to . . .
Definition
Combine word, two word udderance , verb and a noun like a command
Term
Resolving Erikson’s basic trust versus mistrust conflict; autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Definition
How to overcome crisis
Term
Ways to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.
Definition
Giving them choices, asking them to help you with things, compromises
Term
Facial expressions offer reliable cues regarding which emotions infants are experiencing.
Definition
Term
Why might anger be seen as adaptive to child psychologists?
Definition
Allows child to defend themselves
Term
Characteristics of collectivist vs individualistic culture,
Definition
Term
Emotion by gender.
Definition
Boys are going to struggle the most, taught to hide emotions
Term
Temperament/personality can be understood in terms of genetic-environmental factors.
Definition
Resistance child, secure, avoidant, cold to warm
Term
Examples of the Strange Situation and attachment styles.
Definition
Child is left in a room with a stranger, how children reacts to parents return indicates attachment styles
Term
Characteristics of fathers and mothers play. Amount of time fathers spend with children.
Definition
Term
First spoken words.
Definition
At end of 2 years
Term
Fine vs. gross motor skills.
Definition
Fine grasping, gross walking running
Term
Piaget’s stages by age.
Definition
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
from ages 2 to 7 (magical thinking predominates; motor skills are acquired).
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
from birth to age 2. Children experience the world through movement and senses (use five senses to explore the world). During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints. The sensorimotor stage is divided into six substages
Term
Babbling
Definition
– around six months the infant repeat consonant vowel combinations in long strings, such as bababababa or nanananana
Term
Cephalocaudal trend
Definition
refers to the pattern of changing spatial proportions over time during growth. During prenatal growth, from conception to 5 months, the head grows more than the body. In humans, the head comprises almost 50% of total body length at approximately the third month of intrauterine development. By the time of birth the head has decreased to approximately 30% of total body length as a result of the limbs and trunk growing faster than the head.The "cephalocaudal trend" is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs
Term
Cooing
Definition
Cooing is vowel-like noises that have a pleasant “oo” quality.
Term
Object permanence
Definition
– the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
Term
Overextension
Definition
applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events that is appropriate
Term
Proximodistal trend
Definition
– is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards. When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards
Term
Self-recognition
Definition
identification of the self as a physically unique being
Sensorimotor – spans the first two years of life. Piaget believed that infants think with eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. they cannot yet carry out many activities inside their heads
Term
Social referencing
Definition
refers to the tendency of a person to look to a significant other in an ambiguous situation in order to obtain clarifying information
Term
Telegraphic speech
Definition
two word utterances. like a telegram, they focus on high content words, omitting smaller, less important ones
Term
Underextension
Definition
– when toddlers first learn words, they apply them too narrowly
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
– refers to a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of a more skilled partner
Term
Secure attachment
Definition
parents are secure
Term
Avoidant attachment
Definition
Unresponsive to parent’s presence.
Term
Resistant attachment
Definition
seek closeness to the parent and fail to explore
Term
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Definition
Insecure even upon parents’ return.
Term
Trust vs. Mistrust
Definition
Erikson's Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Feeding
Term
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Definition

Erikson's 

Children  (2-3years old) need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. toliet training

Term
Habituation
Definition
is a decrease in an elicited behavior resulting from the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus (a simple form of learning)
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