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Human Anatomy Lecture Test # 1
everything on study guide for test 1
138
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/12/2011

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Term
clinical/applied anatomy
Definition
the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment.
Term
pathologic anatomy
Definition
the subspecialty of pathology that pertains to the gross and microscopic study of organs and tissues removed for biopsy or during postmorten examination as an indicator of disease, and also the interpretation of the results of such study
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
an approach to anatomical study based on areas, parts or divisions of the body, emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures within the area. distinguished from systemic anatomy
Term
systemic anatomy
Definition
a study of anatomy wherein the focus is on the characteristics and features of one of the body's systems in its entirety
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
study of the configuration of the surface of the body, especially in its relationship to deeper parts
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
study of anatomy as far as it can be studied without the use of the microscope; commonly used to denote the study of anatomy by dissection of a cadaver
Term
anatomical position
Definition
the neutral reference position of the body of which terms of position and movement are applied. standing with palms up.
Term
superior, cranial, or cephalic
Definition
toward the head
Term
caudal of inferior
Definition
toward the feet. caudal is not usually used in reference to the lower body.
Term
anterior or ventral
Definition
toward the front of the body
Term
posterior or dorsal
Definition
toward the back of the body
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline or median plane of the body
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline or median plane of the body
Term
proximal
Definition
near or toward point of origin
Term
distal
Definition
far or away from point of origin
Term
interal
Definition
toward the inside of the body
Term
external
Definition
toward the outside of the body
Term
superficial
Definition
internal yet close to the surface
Term
deep
Definition
internal yet away from the surface of the body
Term
palmar surface
Definition
pertinent to palm side of the hand
Term
plantar surface
Definition
pertaining to the sole of the foot
Term
afferent
Definition
toward
Term
efferent
Definition
away from
Term
prone
Definition
body lying face down
Term
supine
Definition
body lying face up
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side, with reference to a given point
Term
contralateral
Definition
relating to the opposite side
Term
unilateral
Definition
located on one side of the body
Term
bilateral
Definition
located on both sides of the body
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
compact bone
Definition
very dense, found in shaft of long bones
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
spongy bone
Definition
very porous found at the distal end of long bones
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
periosteum
Definition
thin layer of tissue that covers all bones
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
axial skeleton
Definition
consists of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone.
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
appendicular skeleton
Definition
consists of both extremities and articulation structures
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
ligament
Definition
fibrous tissue extending from one bone to another (bone to bone)
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
tendon
Definition
fibrous tissue extending from muscle to bone
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
aponeurosis
Definition
expanded tendon from the attachment of a muscle, usually flat muscles
Term
skeletal system and connective tissue
bursa
Definition
a flat, fluid-lined sac found in the fascia in areas subject to friction, usually separating skin, muscles, ligament, or tendons from rough structures
Term
Skin and Fascia
integumentary system
Definition
the enveloping membrane of the body; includes the epidermis, dermis, and all of the derivatives of the epidermis
Term
Skin and Fascia
epidermis
Definition
superficial layer of skin
Term
Skin and Fascia
dermis
Definition
deep layer of skin
Term
Skin and Fascia
superficial fascia
Definition
layer of connective tissue just deep to the dermis usually containing far, blood vessels, and nerves
Term
Skin and Fascia
deep fascia
Definition
a thin fibrous membrane deep to the superficial fascia that invests the muscles, individually and by groups, forms sheaths fro the nerves and vessels, becomes specialized around the joints to form or strengthen ligaments, envelops various organs and glands, and binds all the structures together into a firm compact mass.
Term
transverse or horizontal plane
Definition
divides body into top and bottom portions
Term
median or midsagittal plane
Definition
divides body in right and left HALVES
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
Term
coronal of frontal plane
Definition
divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions
Term
longitudinal axis
Definition
refers to the long axis of the body or extremity
Term
bone elevation
process
Definition
a general term for any elevation
Term
bone elevation
crest
Definition
any elongated elevation
Term
bone elevation
line
Definition
linear elevation that is sharper than a ridge
Term
bone elevation
ridge
Definition
rough linear elevation
Term
bone elevation
hamulus
Definition
hooked shaped process
Term
bone elevation
spine
Definition
a sharp, pointed process
Term
bone elevation
tuberosity
Definition
a large rough, rounded elevation
Term
bone elevation
tubercle
Definition
a small rough rounded elevation
Term
bone elevation
condyle
Definition
large rounded eminence, with smooth articulating surfaces
Term
bone elevation
epicondyle
Definition
a rough projection from a long bone near the articular extremity on the condyle. enlargement very near condyle
Term
bone depressions
alveolus
Definition
a deep and narrow pit
Term
bone depressions
sinus
Definition
a cavity in a bone
Term
bone depressions
fovea
Definition
a small depression (deeper)
Term
bone depressions
fossa
Definition
a shallow but wide depression (less deep)
Term
bone depressions
foramen
Definition
a hole through a bone
Term
bone depressions
sulcus
Definition
a groove or furrow
Term
bone depressions
meatus
Definition
a canal
Term
bone depressions
incisura
Definition
a notch
Term
bone depressions
hiatus
Definition
a gap or cleft
Term
somatic
Definition
of or pertaining to the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems
Term
visceral
Definition
of or pertaining to the internal organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavity
Term
anastomosis
Definition
a natural communication between two blood vessels
Term
vascular system
Definition
referring to the veins and arteries
Term
lymphatics
Definition
small thin channels which collect and carry tissue fluid, lymph from the body to drain into the venous system of blood flow.
Term
joint or articulation
Definition
is the junction of two or more structures so as to admit of motion; whether movable or not
Term
arthrology
Definition
study of joints
Term
kinesiology
Definition
study of motion
Term
cartilage
Definition
a connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency. consists of collagen fibers and is found in joints
Term
joint classification
synathroses
Definition
functional classification- nonmoveable to slightly moveable
Term
joint classification
fibrous
Definition
structural classification- no joint cavity
Term
suture
Definition
(synarthroses)a type of fibrous= found between bones of skull. fibrous material usually replaced by bone in later life
Term
gomphosis
Definition
(synarthroses) a type of fibrous= fibrous joint between the root of a tooth and the alveolus of the mandible or maxillae
Term
joint classification
amphiarthroses
Definition
(functional classification) - slightly moveable
Term
syndesmosis
Definition
(amphiarthroses) a type of fibrous= fibrous material fits between joints and is slightly moveable.
Term
cartilaginous
Definition
structural classification= no joint cavity (not fibrous)
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
(amphiarthroses) a type of cartilaginous= connective tissue is hyaline cartilage.
Term
symphysis
Definition
(amphiarthroses) a type of cartilaginous= a line of union only in the middle of the body
Term
joint classification
Diarthrosis
Definition
(functional classification) freely movable
Term
synovial
Definition
structural classification= joint in which there is a space between articulating bones
Term
types of synovial joints
Definition
plane or gliding=lie flat
uniaxial=concave/convex surfaces
biaxial=round like and socket like surfaces
multiaxial= ball and socket
Term
gliding movement
Definition
bone surface moves back and forth from side to side
Term
angular
Definition
movement causes increase or decrease in angle between bones
Term
flexion
Definition
decrease in angle typically within sagittal plant
Term
extension
Definition
increase in angle typically within sagittal plane
Term
hypertension
Definition
increase beyond anatomical position
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
increase in ankle angle within sagittal plane
Term
dorsi flexion
Definition
decrease in ankle angle within sagittal plane
Term
abduction
Definition
increase in angle within frontal plane
Term
adduction
Definition
decrease in angle within frontal plane
Term
circumduction
Definition
movement in which the distal end of a bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains stable
Term
rotation
Definition
movement of bone around its one longitudinal axis
Term
medial rotation
Definition
anterior surface spins toward the median plane of the body around the limb's longitudinal axis
Term
lateral rotation
Definition
anterior surface rotates away from the median plane of the body around the limb's longitudinal axis
Term
factors influencing joint movements
Definition
apposition (interplay) of soft parts
muscle/tendon tension arrangement
tension of ligaments
structure of articulating bones
hormones
use/disuse
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
occurs in most viscera and is not under voluntary control
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
found only in the heart
Term
skeletal of striated muscle
Definition
the rest of the muscle mass of the body which is under voluntary control
Term
origin
Definition
relatively fixed part of a muscle attachment
Term
insertion
Definition
relatively moveable part of a muscle attachment
Term
agonist
Definition
primary muscle working to produce a movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle working against agonist
Term
synergists
Definition
muscles working together to produce a movement
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
twelve pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Term
spinal nerve
Definition
the nerves emerging from the spinal cord.
31 pairs
Term
cranial nerve
Definition
12 pairs of nerves emerging from the cephalic CNS
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
Term
sympathetic
Definition
part of ANS =the thoracolumbar portion arising from cells in the thoracic and upper lumbar region of the spinal cord
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
part of ANS= the craniosacral portion arising from cells in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Term
neuron
Definition
the structural unit of the nervous system consisting of a nerve cell body, its axon and its dendrites
Term
cell body
Definition
the part of the neuron containing the nucleus and surrounding the cytoplasm exclusive of any processi
Term
dendrite
Definition
the process of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
Term
axon
Definition
the process of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Term
motor unit
Definition
motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Term
nucleus
Definition
a group of nerve cells or organized mass of grap matter in ther brain, where fibers interconnent
Term
ganglia
Definition
an aggregation of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS
Term
synapse
Definition
the functional membrane to membrane contact of the nerve cell with antoher nerve cell, an effector, or a sensory receptor cell.
Term
tract
Definition
a collection of axons or dendrites within the CNS with similar functional characteristics
Term
nerve
Definition
a group of fibers in the PNS
Term
gray matter
Definition
a central portion of the spinal cord, exterior of brain, consisting of cell bodies and dendrites.
Term
white matter
Definition
in spinal cord surrounds the gray matter, in brain interior pathways, both consist of tracts
Term
innervation
Definition
the supple of nerve fibers functionally connected with a part
Term
lesion
Definition
a pathologic change in the tissues, wound or injury
Term
plexus
Definition
network or nerves formed by ventral ramus branches of spinal nerves
Term
brainstem
Definition
consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, responsible for lower order functions
Term
diencephalon
Definition
consists of thalamic structures, sits superior to brainstem, is a major integrater of information and relay center to/form the cerebrum
Term
cerebrum
Definition
upper part of cranium containing two hemispheres of gray matter and white matter connected by corpus callosum. involved in higher order functions
Term
cerebellum
Definition
sits posterior to brainstem of which it is highly connected, involved in subconscious movement coordination
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
gray matter nuclei deep within the cerebrum, not of the cortex, involved in complex movement coordination
Term
meninges
Definition
3 membranous layers, which envelope the entire CNS, individually called; dura matter, arachnoid matter, and pia matter
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