Term
| Trapezius- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: CN XI (accessory n.)
Action: Elevates, Retracts, Depresses or Rotates Scapula
Origin: Spinous process of Cervical and thoracic vertebrae, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament
Insertion: Upper Trapezius- Lateral Clavicle, medial acromion process
Middle Trapezius - Acromion Process and scapulare spine
Lower Trapezius - Scapular spine
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Term
| Latissimus Dorsi- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Thoracodorsal Nerve (middle subscapular n.)
Action: Upper limb extension, adduction, and medial rotation
Origin: Inferior 6 thoracic spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
Insertion: Intertubercular Sulcus of humerus |
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Term
| Levator Scapulae - Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve (anterior rami)
Action: Elevates scapula, downward rotates of glenoid fossa
Origin: Transverse process of C1-C4
Insertion: Upper medial border of scapula |
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Term
| Rhomboid Minor - Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve (anterior rami)
Action: Retracts scapula, downward rotates glenoid fossa
Origin: C7-T5 spinous process
Insertion: Medial Border of Scapula |
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Term
| Rhomboid Minor - Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve (anterior rami)
Action: Retracts scapula, downward rotates glenoid fossa
Origin: C7 and T1 Spinous process
Insertion: Medial border of scapula |
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Term
| Triangle of Auscultation: what makes it up and what's it's function? |
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Definition
Triangle of Auscultation is made by the Superior border of the latissimus dorsi, lateral border of the lower trapezius, medial border of scapula and sometimes lower border of rhomboid major
The lack of muscles in this area make it perfect for listening to lung sounds. |
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Term
| Splenius Capitus- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction= Extension of head and neck; Unilateral = ipsilateral rotation of head
Origin: C7-T4 spinous processes and nuchal ligament
Insertion: Occipital bone and mastoid process |
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Term
| Splenius Cervicis- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extension of head/neck; Unilateral contraction = ipsilateral rotation of head
Origin: C7-T4 spinous processes and nuchal ligament
Insertion: C1-C4 transverse processes |
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Term
| Spinalis- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extension of vertebral column; Unilateral contraction = Ipsilateral flexion and rotation
Origin: Common tendon and spinous processes of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
| Longissimus- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extends vertebral column; Unilateral contraction = ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation
Origin: Common tendon and spinous processes of sacral and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Ribs and transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, MASTOID PROCESS |
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Term
| Iliocostalis- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extends vertebral column; Unilateral contraction = ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation
Origin: Common tendon and spinous processes of sacral and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae |
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Term
| Semispinalis- Vertebrae span, Sections, Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Parts: Semispinalis Capitus; Semispinalis Cervicis; Semispinalis Thoracis; spaning 4-6 vertebrae;
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extension of vertebral column; Unilateral contraction = contralateral rotation of vertebral column
Origin: Transverse processes of C4-T10
Insertion: Spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae and occipital bone |
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Term
| Multifidus-Vertebrae span, Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Spans 2-4 vertebrae and large in lumbar region
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extension of vertebral column and stabilization; Unilateral contraction = contralateral rotation of vertebral column
Origin: Common tendon of erector spinae and transverse processes
Insertion: Spinous processes |
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Term
| Rotatores- Vertebrae Span/function, Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Span: 1-2 vertebrae; mainly help with proprioception
Innervation: Posterior Rami
Action: Bilateral contraction = extends vertebral column and stabilizes; Unilateral contraction = contralateral rotation of vertebral column
Origin: Transverse processes
Insertion: Spinous processes |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of the spinal cord (inferiorly); gives rise to spinal nerve roots that make the cauda equina |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundle of nerve roots that extend inferiorly from the Conus medullaris |
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Term
| Cervical Swelling - location and function |
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Definition
| Located from C4-T1; Gives rise to nerves of the upper extremeties |
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Term
| Lumbar Swelling - Location and Function |
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Definition
| Located L1-S3; Gives rise to the nerves of the lower extremeties |
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Term
| Where does the spinal cord end in a new born? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the spinal cord end in an adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there and how are they divided in the spine? |
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Definition
31 Spinal Nerves
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
| Anchors dura mater to coccyx |
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Term
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Definition
| Extend laterally from pia mater, between rootles to anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater |
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Term
| What arteries supply the spinal cord? How many and where are they located? |
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Definition
3 Longitudinal
Posterior Spinal Arteries: 2 near origins of rootlets
Anterior Spinal Artery: 1 in anterior median fissure
Radicular Arteries: branch off rootlets and DON'T contribute to spinal arteries
Segmental medullary arteries: branch off rootlets; found cheifly at cervical and lumbar enlargements: contribute to spinal artery |
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Term
| Spinal veins- how many and where are the located? |
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Definition
| Generally 3 veins that contain parallel arteries; located in the subarachnoid space; join intervertebral plexus of veins (anterior and posterior) |
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Term
| Internal vertebral plexus of veins - where is it located? |
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Definition
| Intervertebral plexus of veins courses through fat in the epidural space and associate with the body and spine of vertebrae respectively |
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Term
| Where must a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) be done and why? |
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Definition
| Lumbar punctures must be done inferior to L1/L2 IV disc aka inferior to the spinal cord; the puncture will enter the cauda equina where there are spinal nerves, but they will be pushed aside by the needle; L4/L5 IV disc is most common; must enter the INTERLAMINAR SPACE |
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Term
| How will a disc herniated most often, why, and what is the result? |
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Definition
| Herniated discs will herniate posterolaterally due to the presence of the posterior longitudinal ligament; because it's posterolateral it will impinge the nerve of the next vertebrae down, since the nerve of the superior vertebrae has already exited the spine (e.g. L4/L5 Disc herniation impinges L5 nerve) |
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Term
| What are the carpal bone names and articulations? |
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Definition
Scaphoid, Lunate = Radius
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate = V and IV digits
Capitate = III digit
Trapezoid = II digit
Trapezium - Thumb |
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Term
| What ligaments and muscle strengthens the AC joint? |
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Definition
| AC ligament; Mostly the Coracoclavicular ligament; Trapezius |
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Term
| What ligaments strengthen the SC joint? |
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Definition
| Anterior SC ligament; Posterior SC ligament; partially the interclavicular ligament; costoclavicular ligament; also the articular disc |
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Term
| What structures strengthen the Glenohumeral Joint? |
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Definition
| Glenohumeral ligament; coracohumeral ligament; coraco-acromial ligament; |
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Term
| What are the articulations of the elbow? |
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Definition
| Radial head articulates the capitulum and the radial notch of the ulna; Trochlea of the humerus articulates the trochlear notch |
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Term
| What ligaments strengthen the elbow joints? |
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Definition
| Lateral (radial) collateral ligament, medial (ulnar) collateral ligament, anular ligament |
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Term
| Pectoralis Major- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Medial and Lateral Pectoralis nn.
Action- Adducts and medial rotation of the arm
Origin- Clavicle (clavicular head), Sternum+ Costal cartilages (sternocostal head)
Insertion- Intertubercular sulcus |
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Term
| Pectoralis Minor: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Medial pectoralis n.
Action- Stabilizes scapula
Origin- Ribs 3-4
Insertion- Corocoid process of the scapula |
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Term
| Serratus Anterior- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Long thoracic n.
Action- Protraction of scapula
Origin- Ribs 1-8
Insertion- Medial border of scapula |
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Term
| What are the muscle of the rotator cuff and what's their function? |
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Definition
Supraspinatous; infraspinatous; teres minor; subscapularis
Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa |
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Term
| Supraspinatous- Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- suprascapular n.
Action- ABduction of the humerus
Origin- Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion- Greater tubercle of humerus
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Term
| Infraspinatous: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Suprascapular n.
Action- lateral rotation of humerus
Origin- infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion- Greater tubercle of humerus |
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Term
| Teres Minor: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Axillary n.
Action- Lateral rotation of humerus
Origin- lateral border of scapula
Insertion- Greater tubercle of humerus |
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Term
| Subscapularis: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Subscapular nn. (upper and lower)
Action- mainly medial rotation, adduction of humerus
Origin- subscapular fossa
Insertion- Lesser tubercle of humerus |
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Term
| Teres Major: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Subscapular nerve (lower)
Action- Mainly adduction, medial rotation of the humerus
Origin- Inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion- Medial border of intertubercular sulcus (crest of lesser tubercle) |
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Term
| Deltoid: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Axillary n.
Action- Anterior, flexion; medial, abduction; posterior, extension, lateral rotation
Origin- Spine, acromion of scapula, lateral 3rd of clavicle
Insertion- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus |
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Term
| Biceps Brachii: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Musculocutaneous n.
Action- Flexes and supinates forearm; assists in shoulder flexion
Origin- Supraglenoid tubercle (long head); coracoid process (short head)
Insertion- Radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis (tendon) |
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Term
| Coracobrachialis: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Musculocutaneous n. (peirced!)
Action- Adducts and flexes arms
Origin- Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion- Medial humeral mid-shaft |
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Term
| Brachialis: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Musculocutaneous n.
Action- flexes forearm
Origin- distal half of anterior humerus
Insertion- coronoid process of ulna |
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Term
| Triceps Brachii: Innervation, Action, Origin, Insertion |
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Definition
Innervation- Radial n.
Action- extension of forearm (weak extension of arm)
Origin- Infraglenoid tubercle (long head); posterior shaft of humerus
Insertion- olecranon process of ulna |
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Term
| Lateral to medial, what are the superficial muscles of the anterior compartment of the antebrachium? |
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Definition
| Pronator teres; Flexor carpi radialus; palmaris longus; flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| Flexor carpi radialis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Medial epicondyle of humerus
I- Base of 2nd (and 3rd) metacarpals(s) (bass)
A- Flexes and abducts wrist
N- median n. |
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Term
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Definition
O- medial epicondyle of humerus
I- palmar aponeurosis
A- Flexes wrist
N- Median n. |
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Term
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Medial epicondyle of humerus (& proximal ulna)
I- Pisiform; base of 5th metacarpal
A- Flexes and adducts wrist
N- ULNAR N!!! |
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Term
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Definition
O- Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process
I- lateral surface of radius
A- Pronates forearm
N- Median n. |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Medial epicondyle of humerus, shaft of radius
I- Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
A- Flexes wrist and digits 2-5 (except distal interphalangeal joints)
N- Median n. |
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Term
| What muscle crosses the Distal Interphalangeal ligament (DIP)? |
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Definition
| Flexor digitorum profundus |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Proximal ulna, interosseous membran
I- Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 (DIP too!)
A- Flexes wrist and digits 2-5
N- Median n. (lateral 2 bellies)
Ulnar n. (medial 2 bellies)
ANOTHER EXCEPTION FOR ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT INNERVATION |
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Term
| Which muscles of the anterior compartment are innervated by the ulnar nerve instead of the median nerve? |
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Definition
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris :Flexor Digitorum Profundus (partially) |
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Term
| Flexor Pollicis Longus: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Radius, interosseous membrane
I- Distal phalanx of pollex (thumb)
A- Flexes wrist and pollex
N- Median n. |
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Term
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Definition
O- Distal Ulna
I- Distal radius
A- Pronates forearm
N- Median n. |
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Term
| What structures make the carpal tunnel? |
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Definition
| Scaphoid; Pisiform; Hook of Hamate; Trapezium and Flexor retinaculum |
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Term
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Definition
O- Lateral supra-epicondlar ridge of humerus
I- Lateral distal end of radius
A- Weak flexor of forearm (only mid supine/pronated position)
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of humerus
I- Base of 2nd metacarpal
A- Extends and abducts the wrist
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
I- Base of 3rd metacarpal
A- Extends & abducts the wrist
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna
I- Base of 5th metacarpal
A- Extends & adducts the wrist
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| What is the common origin for extensors in the antebrachium? |
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Definition
| Lateral epicondyle and supral epicondylar ridge of humerus |
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Term
| What is the common origin of flexors in the antebrachium? |
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Definition
| Medial epicondyle of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
I- Extensor expansions of digits 2-5
A- Extends digits 2-5 & wrist
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Extensor Digiti Minimi: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
I- Extensor expansion of digit 5
A- Extends digit 5
N- Radial n. |
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Term
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Definition
O- Ulna & interosseous membrane
I- Extensor expansion of digit 2
A- Extends index finger (digit 2)
N- Radial n.
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Term
| Extensor Pollicis Longus: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Ulna & interosseous membrane
I- Distal phalanx of pollex
A- Extends pollex
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Extensor Pollicis Brevis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Radius & interosseous membrane
I- Proxima phalanx of pollex
A- Extends pollex
N- Radial n. |
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Term
| Abductor Pollicis Longus: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Ulna, radius & interosseous membrane
I- Base of metacarpal 1
A- Abducts pollex
N- Radial n.
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Term
| What makes up the "Snuffbox"? |
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Definition
| Scaphoid; Extensor Pollicis Brevis (tendon)(anterior); Extensor Pollicis Longus (tendon)(posterior or kind of LATERAL (L)) |
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Term
| For pure flexion of the wrist, which muscle are coupled? |
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Definition
| Flexor carpi radialis; flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| For pure extension in the wrist, which muscle are coupled? |
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Definition
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris; Extenro Carpi Radialis (brevis and longus) |
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Term
| What muscles are used to flex digits without also flexing the wrist? |
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Definition
Flexor digitorum profundus; flexor digitorum superficialis
to keep wrist flexion from occuring: Extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi radialis (brevis and longus) |
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Term
| What muscles are used to extend the digits without extending the wrist? |
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Definition
| Extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor carpi radialis (Brevis and longus) |
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Term
| Flexor Pollicis Brevis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Trapezium, scaphoid, flexor retinaculum
I- Proxima phalanx of pollex
A- Flexes pollex
N- Median (recurrent branch) |
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Term
| Abductor Pollicis Brevis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Trapezium, Scaphoid, Flexor Retinaculum
I- Proximal phalanx of pollex
A- Abducts pollex
N- Median n. (recurrent branch) |
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Term
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Definition
O- Trapezium, scaphoid, flexor retinaculum
I- 1st metacarpal
A- Opposes pollex
N- Median n. (recurrent branch) |
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Term
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Definition
O- Metacarpals 2,3 & carpals
I- Proxiam phalanx of pollex
A- Adducts Pollex
N- Ulnar n. |
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Term
| Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
I- Proximal phalanx of digit 5
A- Flexes digit 5
N- Ulnar n. |
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Term
| Abductor Digiti Minimi: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Pisiform
I- Proximal phalanx of digit 5
A- Abducts digit 5
N- Ulnar n. |
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Term
| Opponens Digiti Minimi: OIAN |
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Definition
O- Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
I- Metacarpal 5
A- Opposes digit 5
N- Ulnar n. |
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Term
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Definition
O- Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
I- Extensor expansions of digits 2-5
A- Flexes MP & extends PIP/DIP Joints
N- Lateral 2- Median n.
Medial 2- Ulnar n. |
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Term
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Definition
O- Metacarpals 2,4,5
I- Extensor expansions of digits 2,4,5
A- Adducts digits 2,4,5 toward axial line
N- Ulnar n.
Palmar = ADuct - PAD |
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Term
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Definition
O- Metacarpals 1,2,3,4,5 (adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals)
I- Extensor expansions of digits 2,3,4
A- Abduct digits 2,3,4 from axial line
I- Ulnar n.
Dorsal=ABuct - DAB |
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Term
| How does the Subclavian artery branch down the upper extremity? |
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Definition
| Subclavian a.->Axillary -> Brachial a.-> Radial a. and Ulnar a. |
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Term
| How do the veins branch down the upper extremity? |
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Definition
| Cephalic v. + Basilic v. -> median cubital v. -> Cephalic v. + Basilic v. |
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Term
| What muscle groups do the median nerve innervate? |
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Definition
| Proximal to Distal: Flexor muscles of the forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus); pronators of the forearm, skin of lateral 2/3/of palmar hand |
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Term
| What muscle groups does the Ulnar nerve innervate? |
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Definition
| Hypothenar muscles, medial two lumbrical, interossei muscles, adductor pollicis, skin of medial 1/3 of hand; FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS AND MEDIAL 1/2 OF FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS |
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Term
| What muscle groups does the Radial nerve innervate? |
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Definition
| Extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and skin of posterior arm, forearm, and much of dorsal hand |
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