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Huber Psychology test 2
test 2
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/16/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Concepts
Definition
Mental groupings of similar objects, events or people(help classify newly encountered objects on the basis of past experience* someone tapping on a screen is probably using a PDA)
Term
Prototypes
Definition
typical, highly representative examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or best example of the concept
Term
Mental images
Definition
representations in the mind of an object or event
Term
Algorithm
Definition
- a rule that is applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem. 
Term

Heuristic

Definition

thinking stragedy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision but-unlike algorithm may sometimes lead to errors.

Term

Representative heuristic

Definition

rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they represent a certain category or group

Term

Availability heuristic

Definition

involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory

Term

Syllogistic reasoning

Definition

kind of formal reasoning in which a person draws a conclusion from a set of assumptions

Term

PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

Definition

most common- means-end analysis-  involves repeated tests for differences between desired outcome and what currently exists.

Term

Sub goals

Definition

dividing a problem into intermediate steps

Term

Insight

Definition

KOHLER came up with – sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared unrelated

Term

Functional Fixedness

Definition

the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.

Term

Mental set

Definition

the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist

Term

Confirmation bias

Definition

problem solvers favor initial hypotheses and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions

Term

Creativity

Definition

ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways

Term

Divergent thinking

Definition

the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions

Term

Convergent thinking

Definition

the ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic

Term

Grammar

Definition

system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

Term

Phonology

Definition

the study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes

Term

Syntax

Definition

ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences

Term

Semantics

Definition

meanings of words and sentences

Term

Learning theory

Definition

the theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

Term

Intelligence

Definition

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

Term

“g” factor

Definition

the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

Term

fluid intelligence

Definition

intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

Term

crystallized intelligence

Definition

is the accumulation of information,skills, and stragedies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations.

Term

gardners theory of multiple intelligences

Definition

proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence

Term

practical intelligence

Definition

according to STERNBERG, intelligence related to overall success in living,

Term

emotional intelligence

Definition

set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

Term

intelligence tests

Definition

tests devised to quantify a persons level of intelligence

Term
Who created the IQ?
Definition
Binet
Term

Who

created first intelligence test?

Tests that were created to identify “dullest” students in the paris school system to provide them with remedial aid

Definition
Galton
Term

Mental age

Definition

age for which a given level of performance is average or typical

Term

IQ

Definition

score that takes into account an individuals mental and chronological ages.

Term

FORMULA FOR IQ

Definition

MA(mental age)/CA (chronological age)X 100

Term

Reliability

Definition

property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure

Term

Validity

Definition

property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure

Term

IQ tests

Definition

Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, Wechsler adult intelligence test and childrens version wechslers intelligence scalre for children is commonly used in the usa

Term
Average IQ Score?
Definition
100
Term

Flynn effect

Definition

average person today gets more items correct than did the average person several generations ago on IQ tests.

Term

Psychodynamic approach

Definition

personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness over

Term

Psychoanalytic approach

Definition

Freuds theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

Term

Id

Definition

the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

Term

Ego

Definition

the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world

Term

Superego

Definition

according to freud, the final personality structure to develop ,it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by  persons parents, teacher, and other important figures.

Term

Psychosexual stages

Definition

developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between demands of society and their own sexual urges.

Term

Oral stage

Definition

birth-12/18 months. Infants center of pleasure is the mouth

Term

Anal stage

Definition

18mon-3yrs. Childs pleasure is centered on the anus

Term

Phallic stage

Definition

age 3- genitals

Term

Oedipal conflict

Definition

a childs sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent

Term

Identification

Definition

process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible

Term

Latency period

Definition

period between phallic and puberty where childrens sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

Term

Genital stage

Definition

puberty-death (freud) marked by mature sexual behavior.

Term

Defense mechanisms

Definition

in Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others

Term

Jung

Definition

collective unconscious

Term

Horney

Definition

Develops from social relationships

Term

Adler

Definition

inferioty complex

Term

Allports trait theory

Definition

identifying basic characteristics

Term

THE BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS

Definition

·        Openness to experice

·        Conscienctiousness

·        Extraversion

·        Agreeableness

·        Neuroticism(emotional stability)

 

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