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HRM Vocab - Chapter 8
MGMT 6260
42
Sociology
Graduate
05/03/2013

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Term
Relative Measures
Definition
Performance ratings that assess an employee's contributions through comparison with the contributions of others.
Term
Performance Management
Definition
The process of measuring and providing feedback about employee contributions to the organization.
Term
Merit-based System
Definition
A performance management system that specifically seeks to identify and recognize the contributions of high performers.
Term
Forced Distribution
Definition
Performance ratings that spread out ratings by requiring raters to place a certain percentage of employees in each category.
Term
Parity-based System
Definition
A performance management system that seeks to recognize contributions from all employees without elevating some above others.
Term
Absolute Measures
Definition
Performance ratings that assess an employee's contribution in comparison to a fixed standard or benchmark.
Term
Free Distribution
Definition
Performance ratings that allow raters to place as many employees as they wish into each rating category.
Term
Job Performance
Definition
The contribution that individuals make to the organization that employes them.
Term
General Performance Factor
Definition
A broad factor of performance that represents an employee's overall contribution to the organization.
Term
Task Performance
Definition
Employee behavior that directly contributes to producing goods or services.
Term
Citizenship Performance
Definition
Employee behavior that helps others and creates a positive work environment.
Term
Counterproductive Performance
Definition
Employee behavior that is harmful to the organization.
Term
Declarative Knowledge
Definition
An employee's understanding of the tasks that need to be done to perform the job duties.
Term
Procedural Knowledge and Skill
Definition
Information and expertise that an employee needs to have in order to carry out specific actions.
Term
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Definition
Positive employee actions aimed at helping the organization as a whole to succeed.
Term
Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior
Definition
Positive employee actions aimed at helping specific coworkers succeed.
Term
Production Deviance
Definition
Harmful employee actions aimed at reducing the speed and accuracy of production processes.
Term
Property Deviance
Definition
Harmful employee actions aimed at destroying assets of the organization.
Term
Political Deviance
Definition
Harmful employee actions designed to harm the performance and careers of others.
Term
Personal Aggression
Definition
Harmful employee actions that seek to personally harm coworkers.
Term
Performance Appraisal
Definition
The process of measuring what employees contribute to the organization.
Term
Contamination
Definition
A problem with performance appraisal that occurs when things that should not be included in the measurement are included.
Term
Deficiency
Definition
A problem with performance appraisal that occurs when things that should be included in the measurement are not included.
Term
Objective Performance Measures
Definition
Performance measures that are numerical and based on counts of behaviors or outcomes.
Term
Subjective Performance Measures
Definition
Performance measures that represent judgements made by raters.
Term
Central Tendency Error
Definition
A rating error that occurs when raters give almost all employees scores in the middle of the scale.
Term
Contrast Error
Definition
A rating error that occurs when raters unknowingly allow comparisons among employees to influence ratings.
Term
Halo Error
Definition
A rating error that occurs when raters when raters allow a general impression to influence ratings on specific dimensions of performance.
Term
Recency Error
Definition
A rating error that occurs when raters place too much emphasis on performance observed right before the measurement is taken.
Term
Primacy Error
Definition
A rating error that occurs when raters place too much emphasis on performance observed at the beginning of the measurement period.
Term
Frame-of-reference Training
Definition
Training that focuses on building consistency in the way different raters observe and evaluate behaviors and outcomes.
Term
Rater Bias
Definition
Bias that occurs when a rater unfairly provides lower ratings to certain groups of people, such as women or minorities.
Term
Situational Influences
Definition
Factors that affect performance but that are outside the control of the employees being rated.
Term
Narrative Ratings
Definition
A rating format that asks raters to provide a written description of an employee's performance.
Term
Graphic Ratings
Definition
A rating format that asks raters to provide a numerical score for an employee on each of several dimensions of performance.
Term
Forced Ranking
Definition
A rating format that asks raters to directly compare contributions of an employee with the contribution of other employees.
Term
Multisource Performance Ratings
Definition
Performance ratings obtained from a variety of raters such as customers, coworkers, supervisors and self.
Term
Feedback
Definition
Information given to employees to communicate how well they are performing.
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Information that communicates things that an employee is doing well.
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Information that communicates things an employee needs to change in order to improve.
Term
Feedback Specificity
Definition
The level of detail in communications, which can range from broad information about overall performance to specific information about certain actions.
Term
Pygmalion Effect
Definition
A process whereby performance increases when leaders have high expectations about the skills and capabilities of followers.
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