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HOS Exam 5
Flash cards for exam 5 covering endocrine & reproductive.
839
Physiology
Professional
05/08/2013

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Term
Diffuse neuroendocrine system consists of what
Definition
Discrete poulations of endocrine cells in other organs
Term
Components of the anterior pituitary gland (3)
Definition
Pars tuberalis, intermeidate, distalis
Term
Anterior pituitary derived from: oral or brain ectoderm
Definition
Oral ectoderm
Term
Posterior pituitary derived from: oral or brain ectoderm
Definition
Brain ectoderm
Term
Components of the pituitary gland (4)
Definition
Pars tuberalis, intermeidate, distalis, nervosa
Term
Anterior pituitary aka: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Posterior pituitary aka: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Nuclei that contribute to neurohypophysis (2)
Definition
1) Supraoptic, 2) paraventricular
Term
Nuclei that control the adenohypophysis (3)
Definition
1) Arcuate, 2) periventricular, 3) dorsal
Term
Supraoptic nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Paraventricular nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Periventricular nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Arcuate nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Dorsal nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Rathke's cysts found in which compartment
Definition
Pars intermediate
Term
Rathke's cysts are a remnant from
Definition
Rathke's pouch
Term
Primary blood supply to hypothalamus & infundibulum
Definition
Superior hypophyseal a.
Term
Primary blood supply to posterior pituitary
Definition
Inferior hypophyseal a.
Term
Primary blood supply to anterior pituitary
Definition
Hypophyseal portal blood derived from superior hypophyseal a.
Term
Hypophyseal portal pathway (6)
Definition
S. hypophyseal a. → 1° hypophyseal plexus → long hypophyseal portal vv. → 2° hypophyseal plexus → hypophyseal vv. → cavernous sinus
Term
Somatotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe
Definition
Acidophil
Term
Mammotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe
Definition
Acidophil
Term
Gonadotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe
Definition
Basophil
Term
Thyrotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe
Definition
Basophil
Term
Corticotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe
Definition
Basophil
Term
Somatotropes secrete what
Definition
hGH
Term
Mammotropes/lactotrophes secrete what
Definition
PRL
Term
Gonadotropes secrete what (2)
Definition
FSH & LH
Term
Thyrotropes secrete what
Definition
TSH
Term
Corticotropes secrete what
Definition
ACTH
Term
hGH
Definition
Human growth hormone
Term
PRL
Definition
Prolocatin
Term
FSH
Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone
Term
LH
Definition
Luteinizing hromone
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenal corticotrophic hormone
Term
Acidophils (2)
Definition
Somatotropes, mammotropes
Term
Basophils (3)
Definition
Gonadotropes, thyrotropes, corticotropes
Term
Neither acidophil nor basophil are called what
Definition
Chromophobes
Term
Supraoptic nucleus cells secrete what
Definition
ADH [and a little oxytocin]
Term
Paraventricular nucleus cells secrete what
Definition
Oxytocin [and a little ADH]
Term
Herring bodies
Definition
Storage sites of neurohypophysis hormones
Term
Glial cells of the neurohypophysis
Definition
Pituicytes
Term
Hormones of the pituitary (6)
Definition
FLAT PEG: FSH, LSH, ACTH, TSH (basophils); PRL, endorphins, GH (acidophils)
Term
What trophic hormones controls somatotropes (2)
Definition
GHRH & somatostatin
Term
GHRH
Definition
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Term
GnRH
Definition
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Term
TRH
Definition
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Term
CTRH
Definition
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Term
What trophic hormone controls gonadotropes
Definition
GnRH
Term
What trophic hormone controls thyrotropes
Definition
TRH
Term
What trophic hormones controls mammotropes (2)
Definition
TRH & dopamine
Term
What trophic hormone controls corticotropes
Definition
CTRH
Term
What trophic hormone is NOT secreted by arcuate nucleus
Definition
TRH [implying it secretes the other 5: GHRH, somatostatin, GnRH, dopamine, CTRH]
Term
What trophic hormones are secreted by dorsal nucleus (2)
Definition
GnRH & TRH
Term
What trophic hormones are secreted by periventricular nucleus (2)
Definition
Somatostatin & CTRH
Term
Which cells of the pineal gland secrete a hormone
Definition
Pinealocytes
Term
Pineal gland secretes what hormone
Definition
Melatonin
Term
Support cells for pinealocytes
Definition
Interstitial cells
Term
Brain sand aka
Definition
Corpora arenacea
Term
Pineal tumors can lead to what condition
Definition
Precocious puberty
Term
Cells that make T3 & T4
Definition
Follicular cells
Term
Cells that make calcitonin
Definition
Parafollicular cells
Term
Cells that make PTH
Definition
Chief cells
Term
T3
Definition
Triidothyronine
Term
T4
Definition
Thyroxine
Term
PTH
Definition
Parathyroid hormone
Term
Hyperplasic cells of aging of the parathyroid (2)
Definition
1) Oxyphil, 2) adipocytes
Term
Zona glomerulosa makes
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
Zona fasciculata makes
Definition
Cortisol
Term
Zona reticularis makes
Definition
DHEA
Term
DHEA
Definition
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Term
Aldosterone made by what zone
Definition
Zona glomerulosa
Term
Cortisol made by what zone
Definition
Zona fasciculata
Term
DHEA made by what zone
Definition
Zona reticulata
Term
Layers of the adrenal cortex (3; deep to superficial)
Definition
Reticulara → fasciculata → glomerulosa
Term
Cells of the adrenals that makes catecholamines
Definition
Chromaffin cells
Term
Zona glomerulosa: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Definition
Mineralocorticoids
Term
Zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Term
Zona reticulata: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Definition
Gonadocorticoids
Term
Glucagon: α, β, δ, F cells
Definition
α cells
Term
Insulin: α, β, δ, F cells
Definition
β cells
Term
Somatostatin: α, β, δ, F cells
Definition
δ cells
Term
70% of islet cells: α, β, γ, F cells
Definition
β cells
Term
Pancreatic polypeptide: α, β, γ, F cells
Definition
F cells
Term
Somatostatin inhibits what
Definition
1) hGH, 2) glucagon, 3) insulin
Term
Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits what
Definition
Pancreatic exocrine secretion
Term
Hormones that regulate growth (4; list probably incomplete)
Definition
hGH, androgens, T4, cortisol
Term
Hormones that regulate maturation (3; list probably incomplete)
Definition
Cortisol, T4, testosterone
Term
Hormones that regulate body mass (2; list probably incomplete)
Definition
Androgens, cortisol
Term
Hormones that regulate reproduction (4; list probably incomplete)
Definition
DHT, estrogens, FSH, LH
Term
Hormones that regulate behavior (2; list probably incomplete)
Definition
Androgens, estrogens
Term
Hormones that regulate substrate & mineral balance (3; list probably incomplete)
Definition
PTH, calcitonin, vitamin D
Term
Hormones that regulate metabolism (5; list probably incomplete)
Definition
Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, hGH, T4
Term
Classes of hormones by chemistry (3)
Definition
1) Steroids, 2) tyrosine derivatives, 3) proteins/peptides
Term
Cortisol: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Steroid
Term
Aldosterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Steroid
Term
Testosterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Steroid
Term
Estrogen: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Steroid
Term
Progesterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Steroid
Term
T4: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Tyrosine-derivative
Term
EPI: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Tyrosine-derivative
Term
NE: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Tyrosine-derivative
Term
EPI
Definition
Epinepherine
Term
NE
Definition
Norepinepherine
Term
hGH: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Protein/peptide
Term
Insulin: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Protein/peptide
Term
Oxytocin: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide
Definition
Protein/peptide
Term
Generic names for peptide hormone synthesis (3)
Definition
Preprohormone → prohormone → hormone
Term
Steroids: stored in vesicles: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
Tyrosine-derivatives: stored in vesicles: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
Proteins/peptides: stored in vesicles: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
Mechanisms of hormone control (3)
Definition
1) Feedback, 2) neural, 3) chronotropic
Term
GPCR of hormones and their secondary messengers (3)
Definition
1) Adenylyl cyclase → cAMP, 2) calcium-calmodulin, 3) phospholipids → DAG + IP3
Term
A transcription factor Schmidt mentioned that can be activated by cAMP & PKA
Definition
CREB: cAMP response element binding protein
Term
Non-GPCR method of signal transduction of hormones
Definition
Receptor is a tyrosine kinase
Term
Structure of steroid receptors as transcription factors
Definition
Homodimers
Term
Steroid hormone DNA binding site has what structure
Definition
Zinc fingers
Term
How fast is genomic effects of steroids
Definition
Relatively long
Term
How fast is non-genomic effects of steroids
Definition
Minutes
Term
Which binds to membrane receptors: steroids or peptide-amine hormones
Definition
Peptide-amine
Term
Which diffuses through membranes: steroids or peptide-amine hormones
Definition
Steroids
Term
Sensitivity of a hormone =
Definition
Hormone concentration for 50% of maximal effect
Term
What change of hormone effect is represented here [a complete downward shift]
Definition
Decreased responsiveness
Term
What change of hormone effect is represented here [a complete rightward shift]
Definition
Decreased sensitivity
Term
If the responsiveness of a hormone is increased, then what happens to the sensitivity
Definition
It increases [though responsiveness is more about maximal effect]
Term
If the sensitivity of a hormone is increased, then what happens to the sensitivity
Definition
It decreases [less hormone is needed for the same effect]
Term
How are sensitivity & responsiveness affected by type 2 diabetes
Definition
Both are reduced
Term
Are unbound hormones in the blood active or not
Definition
Yes, but they can be circulated as inactive or less-active forms
Term
Are bound hormones in the blood active or not
Definition
No, they must dissociate from their carriers first to become active
Term
Which has higher affinity for a hormone: carrier protein or hormone receptor
Definition
Receptor
Term
Why are small hormones often bound to proteins in the blood
Definition
Prevent degradation and kidney excretion
Term
Basis of radioimmunnoassays to measure hormone levels
Definition
Simple competition with radio-marked hormones for antibodies
Term
Considerations/limitations of radioimmunoassays (2)
Definition
1) Altered endogenous hormone may be inactive but still bindable to antibody, 2) requires construction of a standard curve [read Dr. Wiki if you don't know what this is: not covered in this deck]
Term
Methods for measuring hormone concentrations (3)
Definition
1) RIA, 2) ELISA, 3) metabolic clearance rate [read Dr. Wiki for RIA & ELISA details: not covered in this deck]
Term
RIA
Definition
Radioimmunoassay
Term
ELISA
Definition
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Term
Metabolic clearance rate =
Definition
Metabolic clearance rate = rate metabolized / concentration in plasma
Term
High metabolic clearance rate indicates __ [low or high] plasma half-life
Definition
Low plasma half-life
Term
NOTE: be sure you know how cAMP, PKA, PKC, and friends work for signal transduction [not covered in this deck]
Definition
NOTE: be sure you know how cAMP, PKA, PKC, and friends work for signal transduction [not covered in this deck]
Term
Which lobe of the pituitary is not found in adult humans
Definition
Intermediate lobe
Term
Two "advantages" of the hypophyseal portal system
Definition
1) Rapid communication, 2) less hormone needed for same effect [i.e., stronger concentration within the portal system]
Term
Synaptosomes
Definition
Neurosecretory granules in axons containing hypothalamic neurons
Term
Dominate cells by % in the anterior pituitary
Definition
Somatotroph @ 40-50% of cells
Term
Trophic pathway leading to cortisol secretion
Definition
CRH → ACTH → cortisol
Term
Trophic pathway leading to T4 secretion
Definition
TRH → TSH → T4
Term
Trophic pathway leading to IGF-1 secretion
Definition
GHRH → hGH → IGF-1
Term
Trophic pathway leading to LH secretion
Definition
GnRH → LH
Term
Trophic pathway leading to PRL inhibition
Definition
PIF → PRL inhibition
Term
PIF aka
Definition
Dopamine
Term
PIF
Definition
Prolactin inhibitory factor
Term
GHIH aka
Definition
Somatostatin
Term
Which nontrophic hormone is tonically inhibited
Definition
Prolactin
Term
GHIH
Definition
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone
Term
Infundibulum transection: hypo- or hyperprolactinemia
Definition
Hyperprolactenemia from loss of PIF
Term
Hypothalamic hormones released: continuously or pulsatile
Definition
Pulsatile
Term
Do hypothalamic trophic hormones cause hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of target cells: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
Do hypothalamic trophic hormones cause regulation of their receptors: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
Hormone inhibits itself: long, short, or ultra-short feedback
Definition
Ultra-short
Term
Hormone inhibits its trophic hormone: long, short, or ultra-short feedback
Definition
Short
Term
Hormone inhibits its trophic hormone's releasing hormone: long, short, or ultra-short feedback
Definition
Long
Term
hGH peaks when
Definition
Puberty
Term
hGH lower during childhood or old age
Definition
Old age
Term
Major metabolic effects of hGH
Definition
1) ↑ protein synthesis, 2) ↑ adipocyte lipolysis, 3) ↑ fat utilization, 4) ↓ glucose utilization
Term
hGH is antagonist to which pancreatic hormone
Definition
Insulin
Term
hGH has non-trophic actions on which organs (3; ignoring "minimal effects")
Definition
1) Adipose, 2) liver, 3) muscle
Term
hGH has trophic actions through what hormone
Definition
IGF's
Term
hGH has trophic actions on what organs/tissues
Definition
Pretty much all of them: kidney, pancreas, intestine, islets, parathyroids, skin, connective tissue, bone, heart, lung, chondrocytes
Term
hGH has what general trophic actions on organs/tissues (3)
Definition
1) ↑ size, 2) ↑ function, 3) ↑ linear growth
Term
hGH antagonists can do what to prevent function of hGH
Definition
Prevent dimerization of receptor
Term
Aspects of hGH increasing protein synthesis (4)
Definition
1) ↑ AA transport into cell, 2) ↑ translation, 3) ↑ transcription, 4) ↓ proteolysis
Term
How may hGH contribute to insulin resistance
Definition
Fat mobilization from adipocytes
Term
Elevated levels of hGH can lead to what [related to glucose]
Definition
Pituitary diabetes
Term
Pituitary diabetes
Definition
Result from elevated hGH
Term
How does hGH lead to hyperglycemia
Definition
Insulin resistance coupled to increased glucose output by liver
Term
How does hGH lead to bone & cartilage growth (4)
Definition
1) Chondrocyte & osteogenic cell proliferation, 2) increased protein deposition, 3) epiphyseal growth, 4) osteoblast stimualtion
Term
Bone growth from hGH: trophic or non-trophic action
Definition
Trophic through IGF's
Term
------------- STOPPED AT PAGE 12 ---------------
Definition
------------- STOPPED AT PAGE 12 ---------------
Term
Increased hGH leads to __ [increased or decreased] somatostatin
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased IGF's leads to __ [increased or decreased] somatostatin
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased IGF's leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH
Definition
Decreased
Term
Increased GHRH leads to __ [increased or decreased] GHRH
Definition
Decreased
Term
Increased GHRP leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased GHRH leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased somatostatin leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH
Definition
Decreased
Term
hGH hyposecretion in children =
Definition
Dwarfism
Term
hGH hypersecretion in children =
Definition
Gigantism
Term
hGH hypersecretion in adults =
Definition
Acromegaly
Term
Dwarfism: hypo- or hyperglycemia
Definition
Hypoglycemia [intermittent]
Term
Gigantism: hypo- or hyperglycemia
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Term
Which is at a higher risk for diabetes melitus: dwarfism or gigantism
Definition
Gigantism
Term
Acromegaly especially increases what organ
Definition
Heart
Term
Osteoarthritis more likely with: dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly
Definition
Acromegaly
Term
ADH's secondary messenger
Definition
cAMP [details of ADH & aquaporin covered in renal stuff so not covered in this deck]
Term
Result of ADH hyposecretion
Definition
Diabetes insipidus
Term
Result of ADH hypersecretion
Definition
Swelling of brain, convulsions, coma
Term
___ reflex caused by ___ induced by suckling by infant
Definition
Milk let down reflex by oxytocin
Term
Oxytocin-induced contractions of what (3)
Definition
1) Myoepithelium in mammary glands, 2) uterus, 3) reporudctive tract of male during ejaculation (seminferous tubules, epididymis, prostate)
Term
Germinal epithelium is what type of epithelium
Definition
Simple squamous-to-cuboidal
Term
Germinal in germinal epithelium means what
Definition
Nothing, bad name choice
Term
Connective tissue under epithelium of ovary type and name
Definition
Dense CT and called tunica albuginea
Term
Main ovarian functions (4)
Definition
1) OOgenesis, 2) folliculargenesis, 3) ovulation, 4) steroidogenesis
Term
Which becomes uterus & oviduct: mesonephric or paramesonephric duct
Definition
Paramesonephric duct
Term
When do oogonia become primordial follicles
Definition
By 20 weeks after being surrounded by follicular epithelia
Term
Primordial follicles halt in what phase
Definition
Prophase 1
Term
Steps of folliculargensis (5)
Definition
Primordial follicle → unilaminar primary follicle → multilaminar primary follicle → secondary/antral follicle → tertiary/mature/Graafian follicle
Term
Follicle's stopping point after prophase 1
Definition
Metaphase 2
Term
Follicular cells of primary follicle stage are what type of epithelium
Definition
Simple [unilaminar] or stratified [multilaminar] cuboidal
Term
Follicular cells gain what name at the multilaminar primary follicle stage
Definition
Stratum granulosum
Term
Theca interna & externa differentiate from what
Definition
Theca folliculi
Term
Endocrine cells: theca interna or externa
Definition
Theca interna
Term
Theca cells secrete which hormone
Definition
Androstenedione
Term
Which follicle stage does it begin producing estrogen
Definition
Secondary/antral
Term
Which follicle stage does it begin producing an antrum
Definition
Secondary/antral [hence the name "antral"]
Term
Stalk that connects oocyte to the follicle cells in tertiary stage
Definition
Cumulus oophorus
Term
Thinlayer of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte in tertiary stage
Definition
Corona radiata
Term
What triggers oocyte to progress further through meiosis
Definition
LH surge
Term
What causes surge in estrogen prior to ovulation
Definition
Graafian follicle
Term
Follicles are inhibited from folliculargenesis by high levels of what
Definition
Estrogen
Term
What cells convert androstenedione into estradiol
Definition
Granulosa cells
Term
Endocrine gland left after ovulation
Definition
Corpus luteum
Term
Cells of the corpus luteum (2)
Definition
Granulosa lutein & theca lutein
Term
Granulosa lutein cells produce what hormone
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Theca lutein cells produce what hormones
Definition
Progesterone & andorgens
Term
What keeps corpus luteum going post-fertilization
Definition
hCG
Term
hCG
Definition
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Term
On non-fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates to what
Definition
Corpus albicans
Term
Epithelia type of uterus & oviduct
Definition
Simple cuboidal with cilia and peg cells
Term
Peg cells secrete what
Definition
Glycoproteins
Term
Uterus & oviduct: serosa or adventitia
Definition
Serosa
Term
Regions of the oviduct (4; in order an oocyte travels)
Definition
Infundibulum → ampulla → isthmus → intramural
Term
Layers of the endometrium (2; deep to superficial)
Definition
Stratum basale → staratum functionalis
Term
Artery that supplies startum functionalis
Definition
Spiral
Term
Phases of the menstrual cycle (3; in order)
Definition
Menstrual → proliferative/follicular → secretory/luteal
Term
Proliferative phase: which is in higher concentration: estrogen or progesterone
Definition
Estrogen
Term
Secretory phase: which is in higher concentration: estrogen or progesterone
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Why is the cervix more prone to cancer
Definition
Constant metaplasia in the transformation zone
Term
___ cysts of the cervix
Definition
Nabothian cysts
Term
Epithelia type of endocervical mucosa
Definition
Simple columnar
Term
Epithelia type of ectocervical mucosa
Definition
Stratified squamous
Term
Zone between endocervical & ectocervical mucosa
Definition
Transformation zone
Term
Epithelia type of the vagina
Definition
Non-keratinized startified squamous with glycogen
Term
How does the vagina become acidic
Definition
Glycogen feeds bacteria to make lactic acid
Term
Vagina: serosa or adventitia
Definition
Adventitia
Term
What forms along milk lines
Definition
Mammary glands
Term
Duct/gland structure of the mammary gland
Definition
Tubuloacinar
Term
Parts of the placenta (3)
Definition
1) Decidua, 2) chorion, 3) placental barrier/chorionic villus
Term
Components of the decidua (3)
Definition
1) Decidua basalis, 2) decidua parietalis, 3) decidua capsularis
Term
Decidua is renamed what
Definition
Endometrium
Term
Components of the chorion (2)
Definition
1) Chorion frondosum, 2) chorion laeve
Term
Cytotrophoblast becomes absent after month __
Definition
Month 6
Term
Amino acid for the basis of thyroid hormones
Definition
Tyrosine
Term
DIT + DIT =
Definition
T4
Term
MIT + DIT =
Definition
T3 or reverse T3
Term
Iodine is transported into follicular cells in what form: iodine or iodide
Definition
Iodide
Term
NIS transporter is in which membrane and transports what
Definition
Basal membrane: Na+/I- symporter into the cell
Term
Pendrin transporter is in which membrane and transports what
Definition
Apical membrane: I- out of the cell
Term
Once-iodinated tyrosine =
Definition
MIT
Term
Twice-iodinated tyrosine =
Definition
DIT
Term
Megalin receptor is in which membrane and does what
Definition
Apical membrane: pinocytosis of colloid droplets
Term
Binding of iodine to tyrosine is called what
Definition
Organification
Term
MIT & DIT pinocytosized is dealt with how
Definition
Deiodinase pulls off iodine for recycling
Term
Where are MIT & DIT synthesized
Definition
Follicular lumen
Term
What protein transports T3/T4 in the blood
Definition
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Term
What protein transports T4 in the CSF
Definition
Transthyretin
Term
Does bound T3/T4 have biological activity: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
What is the major hormone in circulation: T3 or T4
Definition
T4
Term
Which is more biologically active: T3 or T4
Definition
T3
Term
Why would a lesser biologically active hormone circulate instead of the more active form
Definition
Lower metabolic clearance rate → longer half life
Term
Major inhibition of T3/T4 is through what route
Definition
Negative feedback on TSH
Term
Somatostatin increases, then TSH: increases or decreases
Definition
Decreases
Term
Which activity of the thyroid does TSH not activate
Definition
None, it activates everything
Term
Somatostatin inhibits
Definition
1) Insulin, 2) glucagon, 3) hGH, 4) TSH
Term
Decreased environmental temperature, which hormone increases
Definition
TRH [stimulates thermogenesis]
Term
A possible treatment for hyperthyroidism that Schmidt didn't explicitly state
Definition
Iodide of some kind [inhibits thyroid]
Term
T receptor has what polymeric structure [i.e., what is it made up of]
Definition
Heterodimer of T3 receptor and RXR [RXR has no ligand!]
Term
Transcription for what increases due to T3 (3; key things he pointed out in lecture)
Definition
1) Na-K pump, 2) gluconeogenic enzymes, 3) respiratory enzymes
Term
Does T3 promote protein catabolism or protein anabolism
Definition
Both!
Term
Reason for increase heat production due to T3
Definition
Increased active transport of ions
Term
Does T3 promote lipolysis or lipogenesis
Definition
Lipolysis
Term
Does T3 promote an increase or decrease in plasma cholesterol
Definition
Increase [loss to bile]
Term
How does T3 increase blood flow & cardiac output (3)
Definition
Increased: 1) Vasodilation, 2) tachycardia, 3) inotropy
Term
How does T3 increase respiration
Definition
Increased O2 demand and CO2 production
Term
Regarding GI tract and their effects, would T3 & PSNS be considered antagonists or not
Definition
Not since both increase GI motility & secretions
Term
Psychological effects of T3
Definition
Nervousness & paranoia
Term
Skeletalmusculo effect of T3
Definition
Tremors
Term
Excess T3 in males has what reproductive effect
Definition
Impotence
Term
Deficient T3 in males has what reproductive effect
Definition
Loss of libido
Term
Excess T3 in females has what reproductive effect
Definition
Oligomenorrhea
Term
Deficient T3 in females has what reproductive effect
Definition
Menorrhagia, polymenorrhea, loss of libido
Term
Grave's disease: hypo- or hyperthyroidism
Definition
Hyperthyroidism
Term
Grave's diesease: low or high TSH
Definition
Low TSH
Term
Osteoporosis can result from long-term hypo- or hyperthyroidism
Definition
Hyperthyroidism
Term
What results from people who have something like Grave's disease but the antibodies are not agonists
Definition
Hypothyroidism: antibodies compete with TSH but do not agonize the receptor
Term
Myxedema is a form of: hypo- or hyperthyroidism
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
Cretinism is a form of: hypo- or hyperthyroidism
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
Myxedema symptoms (4 less obvious symptoms)
Definition
1) Nonpitting edema, 2) thicker skin, 3) peripheral vascular disease, 4) arteriosclerosis [plus all the more obvious effects of lack of T3]
Term
Cretinism is found in ___ [patient population]
Definition
Infants
Term
Cretinism has a similar appearance to what
Definition
Obesity [stunted skeleton plus enlargement of soft tissues]
Term
Most common endocrine neoplasm
Definition
Thyroid cancer
Term
More likely to have thyroid cancer (2 populations)
Definition
1) Asians, 2) women
Term
MEN2 associated with what cancer discussed in lecture
Definition
Thyroid
Term
What is the "goal" of adrenal catecholamines as far as glucose is concerned
Definition
Move glucose from liver to brain [not brain and not muscle]
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] hepatic gluconeognesis
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] adipose lipolysis
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] muscle glycogenolysis
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] cardiac output
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] bronchiole diameter
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] pupil diameter
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] muscle performance
Definition
Increased
Term
Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] effects on the CNS
Definition
None, catecholamines cannot cross the BBB
Term
NE mainly targets which receptors
Definition
α1 and α2
Term
EPI targets which receptors
Definition
β1 and β2
Term
α1 adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect
Definition
Phospholipase C
Term
α2 adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect
Definition
Inhibitory of Ca2+ and cAMP
Term
β adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect
Definition
cAMP
Term
Rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis
Definition
Tyrosine hydroxylase: Tyr → DOPA
Term
What stimulates the rate-limiting step of catecholamine synthesis (2) and through what secondary messenger
Definition
1) SNS, 2) ACTH; cAMP
Term
What stimulates the conversion from NE to EPI
Definition
Cortisol
Term
Most common source of excess catecholamines and what is it
Definition
Pheochromocytoma; tumor of chromaffin tissue
Term
Pheochromocytoma: sporatic or continuous symptoms
Definition
Sporatic
Term
Pheochromocytoma symptoms (6)
Definition
1) Hypertension, 2) headaches, 3) sweating, 4) anxiety, 5) palpitations, 6) chest pain
Term
With what do pheochromocytoma symptoms vary
Definition
EPI/NE ratio
Term
What transports cholesterol to inner mitochondrial membranes
Definition
StAR
Term
Rate-limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis [in mitochondria]
Definition
Desmolase aka P-450SCC
Term
Desmolase performs what reaction
Definition
Cholesterol → pregnenolone
Term
Name the organelles that participate in cortisol synthesis (3)
Definition
Mitochondira → rER → mitochondria
Term
Cortisol blood circulation: free or attached to what protein
Definition
Cortisol binding globulin aka transcortin
Term
Aldosterone blood circulation: free or attached to what protein
Definition
Free and to plasma proteins
Term
DHEA blood circulation: free or attached to what protein
Definition
Sex hormone binding protein
Term
Acute life saving adrenal steroid
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
Does aldosterone change urine [Na+]: yes or no
Definition
No, water follows Na so no concentration change
Term
Does aldosterone change urine [K+]: yes or no
Definition
Yes, K+ is secreted
Term
Hypoaldosteronism: hypo- or hyperkalemia
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Term
Hypoaldosteronism: hypo- or hypernatremia
Definition
Hyponatremia
Term
Hypoaldosteronism: edema or circulatory collapse
Definition
Circulatory collapse
Term
Conn's syndrome
Definition
Tumor in zona glomerulosa
Term
Hyperaldosteronism: hypo- or hyperkalemia
Definition
Hypokalemia
Term
Conn's syndrome: hypo- or hyperaldosteronism
Definition
Hyperaldosteronism
Term
Hyperaldosteronism: hypo- or hypernatremia
Definition
Hypernatremia
Term
Aldosterone escape affects: sodium or potassium
Definition
Sodium
Term
Aldosterone escape functions through what feature of the nephron
Definition
Increased GFR leads to increased Na excretion
Term
What keeps hyperaldosteronism from eternally expanding extracellular volume
Definition
Aldosterone escape
Term
Aldosterone receptor has what polymeric structure
Definition
Homodimer
Term
How does aldosterone move more sodium (2)
Definition
1) Increased apical sodium channels, 2) increased Na-K ATPase
Term
Ligands of the mineralocorticoid receptor (2)
Definition
Aldosterone & cortisol
Term
Function of 11β-HSD2 [what enzymatic reaction]
Definition
Deactivates cortisol to cortisone
Term
Purpose of 11β-HSD2 [not function, but why it is present]
Definition
Reduces [cortisol] so less competition with aldosterone for the mineralocorticoid receptor
Term
Decreased function in 11β-HSD2 due to (2)
Definition
1) Mutational loss-of-function, 2) licorice
Term
ACTH: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Angiotensin 2: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Sodium: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Inhibitor [or, rather, decreased [Na] is a stimulator via renin]
Term
Potassium: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Strongest stimulator
Term
Serotonin: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
ANP: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
Dopamine: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
How does ANP effect change of aldosterone secretion
Definition
Increases cGMP that inhibits secretion
Term
Key effects of cortisol (2)
Definition
1) Anti-insulin, 2) anti-inflammatory
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of gluconeogenesis
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteolysis of muscle
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of glycogen storage in the liver
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular glucose utilization
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
Cortisol: increase or decrease in blood glucose
Definition
Increase
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteolysis of hepatic proteins
Definition
Neither?
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteogenesis of hepatic proteins
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular amino acid import
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular amino acid export
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of fat mobilization
Definition
Stimulator
Term
How does cortisol affect inflammation (8; chemicals/reactions)
Definition
Inhibits formation of: 1) PAF, 2) NO, 3) arachidonic acid, 4) prostaglandins, 5) thromboxanes, 6) IL-1, 7) IL-2/-6, 8) TNFα
Term
How does cortisol affect lysosomes
Definition
Stabilizes membrane
Term
How does cortisol affect capillaries
Definition
Decreased permeability
Term
How does cortisol affect WBC's
Definition
Decreased migration
Term
How does cortisol affect phagocytes
Definition
Decreased phagocytosis
Term
How are cytokines affected by cortisol at the transcription factor level
Definition
Upregulation of IκBα to inhibit NFκB
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of ANP
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of ADH
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
Cortisol: increases or decreases REM sleep
Definition
Decreases
Term
Cortisol: increases or decreases slow-wave sleep
Definition
Increases
Term
Cortisol: increases or decreases surfactant production
Definition
Increases
Term
Cortisol: stimulates or inhibits osteoclasts
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Cortisol: stimulates or inhibits osteoblasts
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Endorphins: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion
Definition
Inhibitor
Term
NE: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
ACh: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
Serotonin: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion
Definition
Stimulator
Term
ACTH is a part of which larger protein
Definition
Preproopiomelanocortin (pre-POMC)
Term
What all is within Pre-POMC (3)
Definition
ACTH, CLIP, β-endorphin, and others
Term
CLIP
Definition
Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide
Term
When does cortisol peak during the day
Definition
Shortly after waking up [diurnal cycle]
Term
What polymeric structure of the glucocorticoid receptor is suppressive
Definition
Monomer
Term
What polymeric structure of the glucocorticoid receptor is inductive
Definition
Homodimer
Term
Addison's disease
Definition
Combined mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency
Term
10% of those with Addison's have what other condition
Definition
Vitiligo
Term
Addison's disease: hypo- or hyperkalemia
Definition
Hyperkalemia [reduced K+ secretion by aldosterone]
Term
Addison's disease: hypo- or hypervolemia
Definition
Hypovolemia [reduced reabsorption by aldosterone]
Term
Addison's disease: weight loss or weight gain
Definition
Weight loss
Term
Addison's disease: hypo- or hyperglycemia
Definition
Hypoglycemia [increased influence of insulin]
Term
Addison's disease: why increased pigmentation
Definition
αMSH within ACTH stimulates melanin production
Term
Supressable with dexamethasone: Cushing's diesease or syndrome
Definition
Cushing's disease
Term
Ectopic production of ACTH: Cushing's diesease or syndrome
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
Cushing's disease: hypo- or hyperglycemia
Definition
Hyperglycemia [anti-insulin effect of cortisol]
Term
Muscle weakness: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Both
Term
Hypoglycemia: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Addison's
Term
Hyperglycemia: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Cushing's
Term
Darkening of skin: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Addison's
Term
Reddening of skin: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Cushing's [exposure of capillaries]
Term
Hypotension: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Addison's
Term
Hypertension: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Cushing's
Term
Mobilization of fat from extremities to trunk: Addison's or Cushing's disease
Definition
Cushing's
Term
Etiology of hypertension in Cushing's disease
Definition
Cortisol saturates mineralocorticoid receptor causing a pseudohyperaldosteronism
Term
Treatment of Cushing's
Definition
1) Radiotherapy, 2) surgery [pituitary or adrenals], 3) inhibitory drugs of adrenal steroidogenesis
Term
Adrenal androgens in adults have a larger influence on: men or women
Definition
Women
Term
Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased cortisol
Definition
Decreased
Term
Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased ACTH
Definition
Increased
Term
Congential adrenal hyperplasia: class form etiology
Definition
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Term
Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased adrenal androgens
Definition
Increased
Term
Self-wasting: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia
Definition
Classical
Term
Early development: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia
Definition
Non-classical
Term
Life-threatening: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia
Definition
Classical
Term
Adrenogenital syndrome etiology
Definition
Hypersection of DHEA
Term
Adrenogenital syndrome effect in females
Definition
Hirsuitism
Term
Adrenogenital syndrome effect in males
Definition
Virilization
Term
__% of pancreatic blood flow is to islets
Definition
15%
Term
Absence of C protein in the blood can indicate what
Definition
Absence of insulin production
Term
Insulin receptors are __ [highly or conservatively] expressed on cells
Definition
Highly expressed: 200-300k per cell
Term
Insulin binding: down- or up-regulates insulin receptors to the cell surface
Definition
Down-regulates via endocytosis of insulin receptors
Term
Insulin binding: decreases or increases insulin sensitivity
Definition
Decreases sensitivity via endocytosis of insulin receptors
Term
Is there anything about this insulin receptor activity that you shouldn't know: yes or no
Definition
NO! He spent so long on this you should even know the shade of green he used
Term
GLUT-4: insulin sensitive or not
Definition
Insulin sensitive
Term
GLUT-2: insulin sensitive or not
Definition
NOT insulin sensitive
Term
After insulin binds to its receptor, what is the next step in signal transduction
Definition
Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrates (e.g., PI-3 kinase)
Term
Effects/targets of insulin receptor substrates (5)
Definition
1) GLUT-4 translocation, 2) activate enzymes, 3) inactivate enzymes, 4) mitogenic signals → transcription factors, 5) membrane signals
Term
Insulin receptor: which subunit(s) bind to insulin
Definition
2 α subunits
Term
β subunits of the insulin receptor have what kinase activity
Definition
Autotyrosin kinase
Term
Insulin reduces what secondary messenger and how
Definition
cAMP through phosphodiesterase
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of glucose
Definition
Increases in most cells
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of amino acids
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of potassium
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of magnesium
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of phosphate
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases hepatic glycogen
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases blood glucose
Definition
Decreases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases blood amino acids
Definition
Decreases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases blood ketoacids
Definition
Decreases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases blood glycerol
Definition
Decreases
Term
Insulin: increases or decreases blood free fatty acids
Definition
Decreases
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glycogenolysis; and by affecting what enzyme
Definition
Inhibits phosphorylase
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits gluconeogenesis
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glucokinase
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Insulin's effects on adipocytes (2)
Definition
1) Increased GLUT-4, 2) increased lipogenesis
Term
Ketosis under __ [low or high] levels of insulin
Definition
Low
Term
Liver makes phospholipids & cholesterol under __ [low or high] levels of insulin
Definition
Low
Term
Insulin: proteogenic or proteolytic
Definition
Proteogenic
Term
Insulin & hGH: friends or enemies
Definition
Friends: they synergize to promote growth
Term
Sensitivity of insulin to glucose [looking for numbers here]
Definition
50% response at about 140 mg/dL
Term
Insulin release is described how
Definition
Biphasic
Term
Arg & Lys: stimulates or inhibits insulin release
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Arg & Lys: stimulates or inhibits glucagon release
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Other hormones in general: stimulates or inhibits insulin release
Definition
Stimulates [specifically mentioned: gastrointestinal, hGH, cortisol]
Term
How does glucose induce insulin release (6 steps)
Definition
Glc → Glc-6-P → ATP → inhibits KATP → opens voltage-sensitive Ca channels → exocytosis of insulin granules
Term
KATP
Definition
ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Term
Glucose causes β cell membrane: depolarization or hyperpolarization
Definition
Depolarization
Term
α-adrenergy & somatostatin inhibits β cells via
Definition
Gi subunit that decreases cAMP
Term
CCK & ACh stimulate β cells via
Definition
Gs subunit that increases IP3
Term
Glucagon, GLP-1, & β-adrenergy stimulates β cells via
Definition
Gs subunit that increases cAMP
Term
Congenital glucokinase deficiency leads to
Definition
Neonatal DM
Term
DM
Definition
Diabetes mellitus
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits insulin release
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glucagon release
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits glycogenolysis
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits glycogenogenesis
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits gluconeogenesis
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits adipocyte lipogenesis
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits adipocyte lipolysis
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits ketogenesis
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits ketogenesis
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Glucagon: increases or decreases blood glucose
Definition
Increases
Term
Glucagon: increases or decreases blood amino acids
Definition
Decreases
Term
Glucagon: increases or decreases blood glycerol
Definition
Increases
Term
Glucagon: increases or decreases blood ketoacids
Definition
Increases
Term
Glucagon: increases or decreases blood free fatty acids
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin & glucagon both work to decrease what in blood
Definition
Amino acids
Term
Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits somatostatin
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Insulin: stimulates or inhibits somatostatin
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Insulin/glucagon ratio: postprandial
Definition
10
Term
Insulin/glucagon ratio: fasting
Definition
0.5
Term
Insulin/glucagon ratio: basal
Definition
2
Term
Insulin/glucagon ratio: neonates
Definition
Low to rely on glycogen
Term
Which hormone(s) increase amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin
Definition
Cortisol
Term
Which hormone(s) doesn't affect amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin
Definition
EPI
Term
Which hormone(s) decreases glucose in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin
Definition
Insulin
Term
Which hormone(s) decreases fatty acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin
Definition
Insulin
Term
Which hormone(s) decreases amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin
Definition
Insulin, glucagon, somatotropin
Term
Lack of secretion of insulin: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 1 DM
Term
Insulin insensitivity: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 2 DM
Term
Proposed causes of type 1 DM (2)
Definition
1) Viruses, 2) autoimmunity, 3) hereditary tendency for degeneration
Term
Which REQUIRES insulin therapy: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 1 DM
Term
Which is generally has a slow onset: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 2 DM
Term
Which is most represented in children: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 1 DM [90% of children with diabetes]
Term
Which is most prevalent: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 2 DM [90% of all DM cases]
Term
Likely etiology of insulin-resistance in type 2 DM
Definition
Altered insulin receptor substrates (IRS1/2)
Term
Which is most likely to have ketosis: type 1 or 2 DM
Definition
Type 1 DM
Term
Key pathologic feature of DM
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Term
Key pathologic consequence of hyperglycemia
Definition
Glycosuria
Term
Glycosuria causes what water balance symptoms (3)
Definition
1) Polyuria, 2) polydipsia, 3) polyphagiaw
Term
Why is weight loss associated with DM
Definition
Lack of uptake of glucose and glycosuria leads to loss and inability to use calories
Term
Why is asthenia associated with DM
Definition
Loss of protein → weakness (aka asthenia)
Term
Type of abnormal respiration associated with acidosis
Definition
Kussmaul
Term
Why is there an increased incidence of atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, & coronary heart disease associated with DM
Definition
Lipemia (increased blood lipids) since insulin promotes decreased lipids in blood
Term
Why is neuropathy, nephropathy, and skin ulcers associated with DM
Definition
Glycosylation of proteins (including HbA1c) that causes tissue damage (e.g., sclerosis of the glomerulus)
Term
Short term regulation of food intake
Definition
Overeating at each meal
Term
Long term regulation of food intake
Definition
Energy balance
Term
T4: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Orexigenic [increased basal metabolic rate]
Term
Cortisol: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Orexigenic [promotes growth]
Term
Ghrelin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Orexigenic [stimulates hGH]
Term
Adiponectin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Orexigenic [made by adipocytes; inversely proportional to body fat]
Term
NPY: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Orexigenic [appetite and lipogenesis in adipocytes]
Term
NPY
Definition
Neuropeptide Y
Term
CRH: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [acts in opposition to cortisol, which seems weird]
Term
Leptin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [increases with body fat as indicator of body size]
Term
Obestatin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [antagonist to hGH secretion]
Term
GLP-1: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [secreted in presence of food in intestinal lumen]
Term
CCK: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [secreted in presence of food in intestinal lumen]
Term
Insulin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [hyperglycemia → stop eating]
Term
Peptide YY: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [aka pancreatic peptide YY; structurally related to pancreatic peptide]
Term
Pancreatic polypeptide: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [secreted in response to protein-rich meal]
Term
Oxyntomodulin: orexigenic or anorexigenic
Definition
Anorexigenic [secreted by colon; binds to GLP-1 receptor]
Term
Possible biomecular connection between obesity & type 2 DM
Definition
UCP-2 causing decreased β cell depolarization → deficiency of insulin
Term
Differential between hypoglycemic/hyperinsulin coma and diabetic coma
Definition
Diabetic coma has acetone breath and Kassumaul respiration
Term
Path of sperm travel (8)
Definition
Seminiferous tubules → tubuli recti → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejeculatory duct → urethra
Term
Testes capsule layers (3; deep to superficial)
Definition
Tunica albuginea → visceral tunica vaginalis → parietal tunica vaginalis
Term
Tunica vaginalis comes from what abdominal layer
Definition
Peritoneum
Term
Origin of septa in testes
Definition
Mediastinum testis
Term
Tunica propria contains what cells
Definition
Myoid cells
Term
What produces peristaltic waves in seminiferous tubules
Definition
Myoid cells
Term
Cells found in the seminiferous epithelium (2)
Definition
1) Supporting/Sertoli, 2) spermatogenic
Term
Types of sparmatogonia type A cells (2)
Definition
Pale & dark
Term
Which are progenitor cells: type A pale or dark
Definition
Spermatognia type A pale divide to make more type A pale or type B; type A dark make dark & pale cells
Term
What drives __ [mitosis or meiosis] in spermatogonia type A pale cells
Definition
Type A pale undergo mitosis under testosterone
Term
What produces 1° spermatocytes
Definition
Spermatogonia type B cells
Term
What produces spermatogonia type B cells
Definition
Spermatogonia type A pale cells
Term
How long does it take to make 1° spermatocytes [from previous stage]
Definition
16 days
Term
1° spermatocytes undergo: mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II
Definition
Meiosis I
Term
2° spermatocytes undergo: mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II
Definition
Meiosis II
Term
What produces spermatids
Definition
2° spermatocytes
Term
How long does it take to make 2° spermatocytes [from previous stage]
Definition
24 days
Term
How long does it take to make spermatids [from previous stage]
Definition
6 hours
Term
Spermiogenesis creates ___ and ___ from what cells
Definition
Spermatids → residual bodies & spermatozoa
Term
Mature male gametes aka ["sperm" is not the answer, but close]
Definition
Spermatozoa
Term
Cells have the largest nuclei in the seminiferous epithelium
Definition
1° spermatocytes
Term
Cells rarely seen in histo slides
Definition
2° spermatocytes [divide in only 6 hours vs. 24 days for 1°]
Term
True epithelium of the seminiferous tubule
Definition
Sertoli cells
Term
Cells that get rid of residual bodies of spermatids
Definition
Sertoli cells
Term
Secretes ABP
Definition
Sertoli cells
Term
Secretes inhibin
Definition
Sertoli cells
Term
Hormone secretes by Sertoli cells (2)
Definition
1) ABP, 2) inhibin
Term
Hormone that causes ABP to be released
Definition
FSH
Term
ABP
Definition
Androgen binding protein
Term
Inhibin inhibits secretion of what
Definition
FSH
Term
When is inhibin released
Definition
High [testosterone]
Term
Blood-testis barrier is formed by ___ between ___ cells
Definition
Tight junctions between Sertoli cells
Term
Between what spermatogenic cells does the blood-testes barrier form
Definition
Between spermatognia (2N) and spermatocytes (1N)
Term
Endocrine cells found between seminiferous tubules
Definition
Leydig/interstitial cells
Term
Leydig cells secrete what hormone
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Epithelium type of tubuli recti
Definition
Sertoli
Term
Epithelium type of rete testis
Definition
Simple cuboidal
Term
Epithelium type of efferent ductules
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar
Term
Epithelium type of epididymis
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar
Term
Smooth muscle thickness is thinnest at: head or tail
Definition
Head
Term
Epithelium type of ductus deferens
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
Term
Muscle layers of the ductus deferens & their orientation (3; deep to superficial)
Definition
Inner longitudinal → middle circular → outer longitudinal
Term
Fluid-secreting glands of the male GU tract (4)
Definition
1) Seminal vesicles, 2) prostate, 3) bulbourethral/Cowper's, 4) Littré
Term
Epithelium type of seminla vesicle
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar → columnar
Term
Which gland contributes the most volume to the ejaculate and what %
Definition
70% is by seminal vesicles [according to Swailes]; 70% by prostate [according to Schmidt in male repro hormones lecture]
Term
Zones of the prostate (4)
Definition
Central, peripheral, transitional, periurethral
Term
Which zone of the prostate is where the urethra passes through
Definition
Central
Term
Which zone of the prostate is the bulk of the gland and what %
Definition
70% is the peripheral zone
Term
Which zone of the prostate is the most common site for prostatic adenocarcinoma
Definition
Peripheral zone
Term
Which zone of the prostate is palpable during a DRE
Definition
Peripheral zone
Term
Which zone of the prostate is the most common site for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Definition
Transitional zone
Term
Which zone of the prostate is aglandular
Definition
Periurethral
Term
What arteries are dilated during erection
Definition
Helicine aa.
Term
PTH: increases or decreases blood calcium
Definition
Increases
Term
PTH: increases or decreases blood phosphate
Definition
Decreases
Term
Calcitonin: increases or decreases blood calcium
Definition
Decreases
Term
Calcitonin: increases or decreases blood phosphate
Definition
Decreases
Term
PTH on kidneys: increases or decreases __ [filtration, secretion, reabsorption] of calcium
Definition
Increases reabsorption
Term
How are osteoblasts activated by PTH
Definition
PTH receptors
Term
How are osteoclasts activated by PTH
Definition
IL-6 from osteoblasts
Term
Rapid response due to PTH is through what process
Definition
Osteolysis
Term
Slow response due to PTH is through what process
Definition
Activation of osteoclasts: existing and new osteoclasts
Term
How do osteoclasts bind to bone
Definition
Integrins [osteoclast] bind to vitronectin [bone]
Term
What is the source of H+ for osteoclasts
Definition
Carbonic anhydrase
Term
Secondary messenger effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts
Definition
Activates PKA that inhibits bone reabsorption
Term
PTH on kidneys: increases or decreases __ [filtration, secretion, reabsorption] of phosphate
Definition
Decreases reabsorption
Term
Calcitriol aka
Definition
1,25-dihydroxycholcalciferol
Term
How does PTH increase absorption of Ca & phosphate from the intestine
Definition
Indirectly through vitamin D
Term
Increase of calcium: increase or decrease in PTH
Definition
Decrease
Term
What condition leads to a right-ward shift of the the PTH response curve [shown in blue]
Definition
Familial herpcalcemic hypocalciuria
Term
What is the feedback substance that regulates PTH secretion
Definition
Calcium
Term
What inhibits PTH exocytosis in the parathyroid [biomolecularly; include receptor and effectors]
Definition
GPCR that causes 1) Ca release from rER, 2) PKC activation
Term
If the GPCR controlling PTH secretion had a loss of function: hypo- or hypercalcemia
Definition
Loss of function makes less sensitive to calcium → hypercalcemia
Term
If the GPCR controlling PTH secretion had a gain of function: hypo- or hypercalcemia
Definition
Gain of function makes more sensitive to calcium → hypocalcemia
Term
Muscular excitability: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hypoparathyroidism
Term
Biomolecular explanation for hypocalcemia causing muscular excitability
Definition
Increases excitability and Na channels open more quickly
Term
Muscular effects of hypoparathyroidism (4)
Definition
1) Carpopedal tetany, 2) laryngeal asphyxiation, 3) first-degree heart block, 4) tingling in fingers/toes
Term
Tx of hypoparathyroidism (2)
Definition
1) Vitamin D + calcium, 2) PTH can be used but has a very high metabolic clearance rate so not very effective
Term
Muscular weakness: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism
Term
Heart block: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hypoparathyroidism
Term
Cardiac arrest: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism
Term
Osteitis fibrosa cystica: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism
Term
Elevated alkaline phosphatase: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism [Schmidt made a point about this: KNOW IT]
Term
CaPO4 & CaC2O4 kidney stones: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism
Term
What decreases osteolysis
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
If calcitonin is not that important in humans, why can it treat osteoporosis
Definition
Calcitonin still functions, it's just not that important, and it inhibits osteoclasts to reduce bone density loss
Term
Calcitonin: minor or major affector of calcium handling in kidnety & intestine
Definition
Minor [so minor he didn't explain its effects]
Term
CGRP is transcriptionally associated with what hormone
Definition
Calcitonin [the name gives it away completely: CGRP=Calcitonin gene related peptide]
Term
CGRP
Definition
Calcitonin gene related peptide
Term
CGRP acts as what
Definition
Vasodilator
Term
Vitamin D is not a steroid, but rather a
Definition
Secosteroid [cholesterol/steroid B ring is opened up in vitamin D]
Term
Vitamin D blood circulation: free or attached to what protein
Definition
Bound to transcalciferin
Term
Synthesis of vitamin D involves what organs (3; in order of synthesis pathway)
Definition
Skin → liver → kidney
Term
In which organ does PTH affect vitamin D synthesis
Definition
Kidney
Term
Vitamin D receptor has what polymeric structure
Definition
Heterodimer with RXR
Term
RXR
Definition
Retinoid X receptor
Term
What transports calcium through intestinal epithelium
Definition
Calbindin
Term
Genomic effect of vitamin D
Definition
1) Calbindin, 2) Ca2+ pump, 3) Na-Ca exchanger, 4) Ca channels
Term
Major route that Ca2+ leaves intestinal lumen
Definition
Paracellularly
Term
How does Ca2+ leave the basolateral membrane in the intestine (2)
Definition
1) 3Na-Ca antiporter, 2) H-Ca antiportin pump
Term
How does PO4 enter the apical membrane in the intestine
Definition
2Na-NaPi symporter
Term
How does PO4 leave the basolateral membrane in the intestine
Definition
Unknown
Term
Normal levels of vitamin D promote ___ in bone
Definition
Calcification
Term
High levels of vitamin D promote ___ in bone
Definition
Resorption
Term
How are osteoblasts activated by vitamin D
Definition
Vitamin D receptors
Term
How are osteoclasts activated by vitamin D
Definition
Cytokine from osteoblasts
Term
Active form of vitamin D
Definition
1,25-(OH)2-D3
Term
Inactive form of vitamin D
Definition
24,25-(OH)2-D3
Term
Vitamin D deficiency, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24
Definition
1,25-(OH)2-D3
Term
Hypocalcemia, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24
Definition
1,25-(OH)2-D3
Term
Hypophosphatemia, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24
Definition
1,25-(OH)2-D3
Term
Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia stimulate which hormone
Definition
PTH
Term
Does 24,25-(OH)2-D3 stimulate 1,25-(OH)2-D3 production, or does 1,25 stimulate 24,25 production
Definition
1,25 stimulates 24,25
Term
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Definition
Rickets
Term
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
Definition
Osteomalacia
Term
Loss of bone mineral density
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
Natural history of rickets can lead to what cause of death
Definition
Tetany of respiratory muscles [he said laryngeal mm. in lecture, but notes say respiratory mm.]
Term
Steatorrhea: vitamin D deficiency or toxicity
Definition
Deficiency
Term
Congenital hypophosphatemia aka
Definition
Vitamin D resistant rickets
Term
Tx of congenital hypophosphatemia
Definition
Phosphate compounds
Term
General problems of being vitamin D deficient
Definition
1) Cancers, 2) hypertension, 3) cardio disease, 4) osteoarthritis, 5) immune: MS/type 1 DM/rheumatoid arthritis, 6) arterial stiffness
Term
What induces menarche
Definition
Increased FSH & LH secretion
Term
What expresses aromatase (2)
Definition
1) Ovaries, 2) adipocytes
Term
Hormone that induces puberty by controlling what hormone
Definition
Kisspeptin (Kiss-1) stimulates GnRH
Term
Kisspeptin abnormalities can cause
Definition
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Term
3 enzymes you are supposed to know
Definition
Desmolase, aromatase, 5α-reductase
Term
Ovarian cycle phases (3)
Definition
Follicular → ovulation → luteal
Term
Is menstruation a part of the ovarian cycle: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
Follicular phase: FSH does what
Definition
Name says it: follicle stimulation (i.e., growth of follicles)
Term
Follicular phase: what do 1° follicles secrete in response to FSH
Definition
Estradiol
Term
Follicular phase: how do follicles amplify the effects of estradiol & FSH
Definition
Upregulation of receptors
Term
Follicular phase: what causes theca cell growth
Definition
LH
Term
Follicular phase: what causes theca cells to make androgens
Definition
LH
Term
Follicular phase: what converts androgens into estradiol
Definition
Granulosa cells
Term
Follicular phase: overall, the dominant follicle is one that is best at
Definition
Making estradiol
Term
What are the estrogens (3)
Definition
Estradiol, estriol, estrone
Term
Which has aromatase activity: theca or granulosa cells
Definition
Granulosa cells
Term
Post-ovulation, what produces estrogens
Definition
Corpus luteum
Term
Post-ovulation, why does LH levels fall (2)
Definition
1) Estrogens inhibit LH, 2) progesterone inhibits GnRH
Term
Inhibin A inhibits what
Definition
LH & FSH
Term
Inhibin B inhibits what
Definition
FSH only
Term
Which inhibin is made by the placenta
Definition
Inhibin A
Term
Which inhibin is made by the corpus luteum
Definition
Inhibin A
Term
Which inhibin is made by granulosa cells
Definition
Inhibin B
Term
Granulosa cells are like which: Sertoli or Leydig
Definition
Sertoli: controls microenvironment and is stimulated by FSH & main sex hormone; both secrete inhibin B
Term
Theca cells are like which: Sertoli or Leydig
Definition
Leydig: produces androgens and is stimulated by LH to do so
Term
Pre-ovulation, why does estrogen increase
Definition
Growth of follicles comes with increased estrogen production
Term
What causes the FSH+LH spike at ovulation
Definition
Increased estrogen
Term
What does the increases FSH+LH spike at ovulation do to non-dominant follicles
Definition
Atresia
Term
Post-ovulation, what produces progesterone
Definition
Corpus luteum
Term
What hormone does the corpus luteum need to survive beyond a week or so
Definition
hCG
Term
What hormone is hCG similar to
Definition
LH
Term
If inhibin B inhibits FSH, then why is it secreted during follicular phase
Definition
Dominant follicle uses inhibin B to inhibit other follicles
Term
Why doesn't the dominant follicle not succumb to inhibin B
Definition
Increases estroen & FSH receptors makes it more sensitive to E & FSH so it can 'tolerate' FSH inhibition
Term
Why does inhibin A decrease at the start of menstruation
Definition
No more source of inhibin A due to absence of fertilization
Term
If estogen inhibits LH then how does the LH surge happen to cause ovulation
Definition
High enough estrogen concentration leads to stimulation of LH
Term
What releases proteolytic enzymes to facilitate ovulation
Definition
Theca externa cells
Term
Why doesn't the pre-ovulation LH cause luteinization of follicles
Definition
Luteinization-inhibition factor in the "preovulatory fluid"
Term
Corona radiata is made up of: theca or granulosa
Definition
Granulosa cells
Term
GnRH: continuous or pulsatile
Definition
Pulsatile
Term
A possible reason why women are shorter than men
Definition
Earlier closing of epiphyseal plates due to estrogen
Term
Estrogens cause slight __ [increase or decrease] in total body protein
Definition
Increase
Term
What is bound to ligand-free estrogen receptors
Definition
Hsp's
Term
Functions of progesterone (4)
Definition
1) Secretory changes in endometrium, 2) inhibit contractions, 3) oviduct secretions for ovum nutrition, 4) mammary growth
Term
Loss of progesterone during pregnancy results in what
Definition
Loss of progesterone's effects which includes maintenance of pregnancy (i.e., loss of pregnancy)
Term
RU 486 (Mifepristone) does what
Definition
Progesterone receptor antagonist [step 1 material]
Term
Is ovulation a part of the endometrial cycle: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
What hormone causes growth of endometrium
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Onset of menstruation is due to
Definition
Loss of estrogens & progesterone
Term
Leukorrhea
Definition
Leukocytes during menstruation makes more resistant to infection
Term
What system influences/controls GnRH secretion
Definition
Limbic system via hypothalamus
Term
What stimulates FSH & LH secretion to cause ovulation
Definition
Increased sensitivity of GnRH through high estradiol that causes GnRH secretion that leads to GnRH receptor up-regulation in pituitary (GnRH secretion patern changes)
Term
What makes hCG
Definition
Trophoblast → syncytiotrophoblast cells [depending on stage of gestation]
Term
Menopause symptoms (5)
Definition
1) Hot flashes, 2) psychic sensation of dyspnea, 3) irritability, 4) fatigue, 5) anxiety
Term
Osteoporosis treatments (4)
Definition
1) Estrogen, 2) calcitonin, 3) vitamin D, 4) hPTH(1-34)
Term
What doesn't estrogen enlarge during pregnancy
Definition
Seems it enlarges everything relevant: uterus, mammary, external genitalia
Term
What do hCG, TSH, LH, & FSH have in common molecularly
Definition
α subunit is identical
Term
Ligands of the LH receptor (2)
Definition
LH & hCG
Term
What causes fetal testes to secrete testosterone
Definition
hCG
Term
What's the catch with the placenta making estrogens
Definition
It cannot synthesize androgens and those come from fetal adrenal glands & liver
Term
DOC is made by ___ from progesterone from ___
Definition
By kidneys from placental progesterone
Term
Effects of fetal cortisol (2)
Definition
1) Lung maturation, 2) liver glycogen production
Term
hCS is similar to what hormones (2)
Definition
PRL & hGH
Term
hCS
Definition
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
Term
DOC
Definition
Deoxycorticosterone
Term
Functions of hCS (5)
Definition
1) Protein deposition, 2) growth of fetus, 3) decreases insulin sensitivity, 4) decreases Glc utilization in mother, 5) maternal free fatty acid release
Term
Hormones leading to tendon relaxation (2)
Definition
1) Estrogens, 2) relaxin
Term
What hormone prepares a uterus for "successful extrauterine life"
Definition
Cortisol
Term
How does progesterone inhibit contractions
Definition
Decreases sensitivity of estrogen, oxytocin, & prostaglandins in the myometrium
Term
What fetal hormones promote parturition (5)
Definition
1) Oxytocin, 2) ACTH, 3) estrogens, 4) less progesterone, 5) prostaglandins [3-5 induced by ACTH]
Term
What causes an increase in oxytocin receptors late in pregnancy
Definition
Estrogen [responsiveness increases 100x]
Term
Cervical stretch stimulates release of what
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
Prostaglandin production is increased late in pregnancy due to
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
What may be formed intermittently at the time of nursing
Definition
PRF
Term
Why does having twins induce labor (vs. single)
Definition
Increased stretch induces contractions
Term
Longest phase of labor
Definition
Cervical dilation
Term
Shortest phase of labor
Definition
Placenta delivery
Term
Hormones that stimulate breast growth (5)
Definition
1) Progesterone, 2) estrogen, 3) hGH, 4) cortisol, 5) insulin [plus effects by PRL & oxytocin]
Term
Stimulation of milk production
Definition
PRL
Term
Contents of milk (3)
Definition
1) Nutrients (protein, lactose, fat, Ca, PO4), 2) immunoglobulins, 3) hormones
Term
Inhibition of milk secretion (2)
Definition
Estrogen & progesterone
Term
Nipple stimulation effects post-pregnancy (4)
Definition
1) PRL release (10x), 2) GnRH inhibition, 3) FSH & LH inhibition, 4) oxytocin release
Term
PRF
Definition
Prolactin releasing factor
Term
__°C temperature change in testes relative to body temp
Definition
2°C
Term
Countercurrent heat exchanger of the testes
Definition
Pampiniform plexus
Term
Increase in temperature, the cremaster muscle: contracts or relaxes
Definition
Relaxes
Term
Failed descent of fetal testis into scrotum
Definition
Cryptochidism
Term
Testosterone influences where: spermatogenesis or spermiogenesis
Definition
Spermatogenesis
Term
Estradiol influences where: spermatogenesis or spermiogenesis
Definition
Spermiogenesis
Term
Which cells convert testosterone into estradiol: Sertoli or Leydig
Definition
Sertoli
Term
What helps keeps testosterone & estradiol in the seminiferous tubule
Definition
Androgen-binding protein
Term
In addition to the blood-testes barrier, what else keeps T cells out
Definition
FAS ligand
Term
Substances that drives male phenotype gender expression (2)
Definition
1) Testosterone, 2) MIS
Term
MIS
Definition
Müllerian-inhibiting substance
Term
Where do sperm finish maturation
Definition
Epididymis
Term
___ made by ___ makes cervical mucus more receptive to sperm movement
Definition
Prostaglandins made by the seminal vesicles
Term
Sperm count at which infertility is indicated
Definition
<20E6 per mL
Term
Emission: SNS or PSNS
Definition
SNS
Term
Semen includes what clottable protein
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
Steps of sperm from expulsion to fertilization (4)
Definition
Emission → ejaculation → capcitation → acrosome reaction [ok ok, what verb other than "expulsion" would you use for this question???]
Term
Why are Leydig cells like theca cells of the follicle
Definition
Both produce androgens at the behest of LH
Term
Why are Sertoli cells like granulosa cells of the follicle
Definition
Both control microenvironment and produce main sex steroid; both secrete inhibin B
Term
What converts testosterone into DHT
Definition
5α-reductase
Term
What converts testosterone into estradiol
Definition
Aromatase
Term
DHT
Definition
Dihydrotestosterone
Term
Testosterone blood circulation: free or attached to what protein
Definition
Sex steroid-binding globulin or albumin
Term
Activin antagonizes what
Definition
Inhibin B
Term
Order from highest to lowest plasma testosterone concentration: gestation, neonate, infant/child, adult, late senior (say 90 years old)
Definition
Adult > gestation > senior > neonate > infant/child
Term
Male climacteric
Definition
Decrease in male sexual function due to decline in testosterone
Term
With old age, testosterone __ [increases or decreases] and LH __ [increases or decreases]
Definition
Testosterone decreases; LH does not always increase
Term
Male secondary sexual characteristics caused by
Definition
Testosterone [see lecture notes for list of secondary sexual characteristics]
Term
DHT receptor has what polymeric structure
Definition
Homodimer
Term
If a tissue doesn't have 5α-reductase, can DHT's precursor still have an effect: yes or no
Definition
Yes, testosterone has plenty of effects [fetal development, skeletomuscular stuff, spermatogenesis, libido, deepening of voice]
Term
Bening prostatic hypertrophy typically has what symptom
Definition
Urinary obstruction
Term
Malignant prostatic cancers usually stimulated by
Definition
Testosterone or DHT
Term
Eunuchism phenotype
Definition
Tall, infantile genitiles, soft skin
Term
Adiposogenital syndrome symptoms
Definition
Hyperphagia, obesity
Term
Hypergonadism: short or tall stature
Definition
Short: early epiphyseal closing
Term
Teratomas are "wild cards" [my words] and can result in (2)
Definition
1) Gynecomastia from extra estrogens, 2) hCG leading to higher testosterone
Term
Heart shows what morphological change
Definition
Cardiomegaly
Term
EDV: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
ESV: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
EDP: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Cardiac compliance: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Ejection fraction: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Slight reduction
Term
Plasma volume: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by ~50% [upward of 5 L]
Term
Risk of anemia: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Renin-angiotensin system: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Cardiac output: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases [CO=7-12 L/min]
Term
Cardiac output changes due to (2)
Definition
Increased stroke volume & heart rate
Term
Uterine blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 10x
Term
Renal blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 50%
Term
Breast & skin blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 50%
Term
Brain blood flow: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Liver blood flow: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Systolic BP: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Diastolic BP: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases 10 mmHg by 28 weeks then rebounds
Term
Systolic BP in LL decubitus: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Diastolic BP in LL decubitus: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Pulse pressure: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Slight increase in early third trimester
Term
Systemic vascular resistance: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases by 5 weeks
Term
Cause of systemic vascular resistance change (4)
Definition
1) Progesterone, 2) prostaglandins, 3) placental shunt, 4) NO
Term
Plasma osmotic pressure: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases → edema
Term
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Central venous pressure: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Mean arterial BP: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
General circulation volume before & during contraction: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 1/2 L
Term
Postpartum cardiac output: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases 60-80% due to 1) loss of IVC obstruction by uterus, 2) autotransfusion from uterus, 3) rapid mobilization of extravascular fluid
Term
How long for cardiac output to return to normal after delivery
Definition
1 hour
Term
How long for left atrium to return to normal after delivery
Definition
10 days
Term
How long for left ventricle to return to normal after delivery
Definition
4-6 months
Term
What hormone stimulates respiratory centers
Definition
Progesterone
Term
Displacement of diaphragm changes residual capacity: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases
Term
Tidal volume: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 40%
Term
Respiratory rate: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same [DON'T GET THIS ONE WRONG]
Term
Ventillation: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to tidal volume, not respiratory rate
Term
Blood CO2: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases due to hyperventilation
Term
Oxygen affinity for hemoglobin: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases: combination of increased affinity from alkalosis but moreso decreased from 2,3-DPG
Term
Blood pH: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases: mild alkalosis @ 7.44
Term
Which is often more dilated: left or right ureter & kidney
Definition
Right due to compression by uterus
Term
How long for hydronephrosis & hydroureter to return to normal after delivery
Definition
3-4 months
Term
GFR: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to CO & afferent+efferent arteriole dilation
Term
Serum creatinine: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases due to increased GFR
Term
Serum urea: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases due to increased GFR
Term
Renal sodium excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to progesterone [inhibits aldosterone], prostaglandins, ANP
Term
Renal potassium excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases due to inhibition of potassium excretion by progesterone
Term
Renal calcium excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same: balanced resorption from intestine [calcitriol] and increased renal clearance
Term
Renal glucose excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to impaired reabsorption
Term
Renal uric acid excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to increased GFR & reduced reabsorption
Term
Renal amino acid excretion: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to unknown reason [he mentioned specific amino acids — CFKLY & taurine — but we don't have to know them]
Term
Total body water content: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases significantly: 6-7 L extravascular, 2 L intravascular
Term
Coaguable state: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to progesterone increasing TF and plasminogen activator inhibitor expression and a few other reasons [DON'T GET THIS ONE WRONG]
Term
Fibrinogen: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases by 2x
Term
Factor 7,8, 9, 10, vWF: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases 20-1000%
Term
Prothrombin: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Factor 5: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Same
Term
Factor 11: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases modestly
Term
Protein S: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases to 60-70% normal
Term
Ability to activate protein C: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases (i.e., increase in resistance to activated protein C)
Term
Venous stasis: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases due to IVC compression and other reasons
Term
Risk of DVT: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Increases
Term
Striae gravidarum aka
Definition
Stretch marks
Term
Striae gravidarum due to what molecularly
Definition
Separation & stretching of collagen in abdominal wall
Term
Linea nigra is where and made of what
Definition
Midsagittal line through the umbilicus due to increased melanocytes & MSH
Term
MSH
Definition
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Term
Cholasma would be found where and caused by what
Definition
On the face; due to increased MSH
Term
Chadwick's sign would be found where and caused by what
Definition
Vagina, cervix, labia due to venous congestion & estrogen effect
Term
Smooth muscle tension: increases, same, or decreases
Definition
Decreases everywhere due to progesterone
Term
Effects of estrogen (5)
Definition
1) Increased coagulation factors, 2) increased fibrinogen, 3) ligament laxity, 4) stimulates growth of breast ducts, 5) postpartum withdrawal leads to lactation
Term
Effects of progesterone (6)
Definition
1) Maintain pregnancy, 2) conserve potassium, 3) smooth muscle relaxant, 4) hyperventilation, 5) hypertrophy of breast alveolae, 6) postpartum withdrawal leads to lactation
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