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Honors Nutrition & Health Test II
Auburn University--Margaret Craig-Schmidt
78
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2011

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Term
AMDR for fat
Definition
20-35% of calories
Term
lipids do not readily dissolve in
Definition
water
can dissolve in organic solids
Term
triglycerides
Definition
most common form of lipids in body & foods;
3 fatty acid chains + 1 gycerol
95% of lipids in food
65 g RDA (?)
Term
phospholipids
Definition
component of cell membranes' phospholipid bilayer;
2 fatty acid chains+ 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate group
ex: LECITHIN: found in soy bean & egg yolk; most common cholesterol; great emulsifier
all phospholipids can be produced in adequate amounts by the body
Term
sterols
Definition
cholesterol
structure: 4 6-C rings and one 5-C house
<300 mg cholesterol/ day
PHOSPHOTILECHOLINE
Term
fats are stored in
Definition
adipose tissue
adipose cells= nucleus + cell membrane+ fat droplet, which can grow without limit; however, the number of adipose cells in the body is limited
Term
energy concentration of fats
Definition
9 kcal/g
Term
* excess carbs can be converted into fats
Definition
Term
benefits of fats
Definition
*concentrated source of energy
*protection from the environment
*absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
*satiety (ex: breast milk gets increasingly fat dense during nursing sesh)
*essential fatty acids
Term
Lecithin
Definition
found in soy bean & egg yolk;
most common cholesterol;
great emulsifier, major component of cell membranes
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
no double bonds; maximum number of hydrogens; methyl grou& acid group
Term
monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid, omega-9)
Definition
single double bond
ex: canola & olive
Term
oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids
Definition
canola oil & olive oil
Term
polyunsaturated fatty acid (alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3/ linolenic acid, omega-6)
Definition
2+ double bonds; help keep membranes fluid
corn, soybean, sunflower, & safflower oils are rich in ALA
Term
oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
corn, soybean, sunflower, & safflower oils
Term
foods/ oils rich in saturated fatty acids
Definition
coconut oil> butter> palm oil > lard/ beef fat > chicken fat
?
notes say all oils are low in saturated fats compared with animal fats
Term
cis fatty acid
Definition
naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogens on the same side of the C-C double bond
causes backbone to bend
Term
trans fatty acid
Definition
unnatural form of unsaturated fatty acid
during processing, the Cs of the C-C double bond are transferred to opposite sides of the bond
backbone remains straighter--> similar in shape to saturated fatty acid
*limit trans fats amap
Term
naturally occurring trans fats (exceptions)
Definition
CLA family;
found in beef, milk, and butter
Term
cholesterol
Definition
structure: 4 6-C rings and one 5-C house
<300 mg cholesterol/ day
only found in animal fat
Term
Canola Oil
Definition
rich in monounsaturated (61%, 2nd to olive oil)
high in ALA (11%)


7% saturated fat
21% LA (polyunsaturated)
11% ALA (polunsaturated omega-3)
61% monounsaturated
Term
Safflower Oil
Definition
richest in linolenic acid (polyunsaturated) 76%

10% saturated
76% LA
trace ALA
14% monounsaturated
Term
Sunflower Oil
Definition
rich in Linolenic Acid (polyunsaturated, 71%)

12% saturated
71% LA
1% ALA
16% monounsaturated
Term
Corn Oil
Definition
rich in LA (57%) OMEGA 6

13% saturated
57% LA
1% ALA
29% monounsaturated
Term
Olive Oil
Definition
richest in monounsaturated fatty acids (75%)
OMEGA 6
15% saturated
9% LA
1% ALA
75% monounsaturated
Term
Soybean Oil
Definition
pretty average oil
high in ALA (8%)

15% saturated
54% LA
8% ALA
23% monounsaturated
Term
Peanut Oil
Definition
pretty average oil; good, natural, stable oil

19% saturated
33% LA
trace ALA
48% monounsaturated
Term
Cottonseed Oil
Definition
pretty average oil

27% saturated
54% LA
trace ALA
48% monounsaturated
Term
Lard
Definition
12 mg cholesterol/Tbsp
43% saturated fat
9% LA
1% ALA
47% monounsaturated
Term
Beef tallow
Definition
14 mg cholesterol/Tbsp

48% saturated
2% LA
1% ALA
49% monounsaturated
Term
Palm Oil
Definition
51% saturated
10% LA
trace ALA
39% monounsaturated
Term
Butterfat
Definition
33 mg cholesterol/tbsp

68% saturated
3% LA
1% ALA
28% monounsaturated
Term
Coconut Oil
Definition
rich in saturated fat (91%)

91% saturated
2% LA
no ALA
7% monounsaturated
Term
Flaxseed oil
Definition
high in ALA
Term
highly saturated oils DO/DO NOT oxidize
Definition
do not
Term
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
family containing omega-3s and omega-6s
Term
ALA
Definition
alpha-linolenic acid
parent compound of omega-3s
18 carbons: 3 double bonds: last double bond is 3 dbs from the methyl end
18:3w3
suggested link to prostate cancer
body can't process ALA as easily as DHA or EPA
food sources: canola oil, eggs (sometimes), flaxseed/ flax oil, plant source of omega-3s
Term
Oleic acid
Definition
omega-9 fatty acid; most common monounsaturated fatty acid
Term
DHA
Definition
Docahexaenoic acid
omega-3, derived from ALA
22:6w3
22 carbons, 6 dbs, last db 3 Cs from methyl end
most important fatty acid
regulates electrical impulses in body
* in <3: helps prevent cardiac death by keeping <3 beat regulat
* in brain: increases impulse & signal transduction speed
* eyes: outer rod segments of retinas are high in DHA
* baby formula
* can be converted to ALA by body, but conversion is slow
* found in small, cold-water fish (salmon, herring, tuna, sardines)
* also found in flaxseed/ flaxseed oil, walnuts, & dark green leafy vegetables (but ALAs in these veggie sources), algal oil
Term
EPA
Definition
Eicosapentaenoic acid
omega-3, derived from ALA
20:5w3
20 Cs, 5 dbs, last db 3 Cs from methyl end
can inhibit AA metabolism, b/c very similar in structure
food sources: small, cold water fish (salmon, herring, tuna, sardines)
* cardiovascular disease prevention via electrical impulse regulation
Term
food sources of DHA
Definition
small, cold-water fish (herring, salmon, sardines, cod, etc)
algal oil
Term
food sources of EPA
Definition
small, cold water fish (salmon, herring, cod, sardines, etc)
Term
food sources of ALA
Definition
canola oil, eggs (sometimes), flaxseed/ flax oil, plant sources
Term
food source of ALA
Definition
meat
Term
food source of LA
Definition
corn oil, safflower oil, etc
Term
LA
Definition
linoleic acid, omega-6
18:2w6
18 C, 2 dbs, last db 6 Cs from methyl end
essential for reproduction
food sources: corn oil, safflower oil, etc
Term
AA
Definition
arachidonic acid
omega-6, derived from LA?
20:4w6
20 Cs, 4 dbs, last db 6 Cs from methyl end
pre-cursor for some pro-inflammatory compounds
metabolism of AA can be inhibited by excess EPA b/c of similar structure
Term
omega-3 benefits
Definition
boost <3 health: ANTI-COAGULATORY (keep platelets thin) & ANTI-AGGREGATORY (keep blood from clotting)
boost brain fcn: esp. helps babies w/ brain fcn & physical dexterity
DHA might help fight post-partem depression & post-traumatic depression
Term
excess omega-3 complications
Definition
long bleeding time
similar effect to aspirin: aspirin keeps blood from clotting/ aspirin & omega 3s inhibit the action of omega-6s
Term
swordfish
Definition
low omega 3s, high mercury
Term
excess omega-3 complications
Definition
long bleeding time
similar effect to aspirin: aspirin keeps blood from clotting/ aspirin & omega 3s inhibit the action of omega-6s
Term
fats vs. oils
Definition
fats have longer FA chains & higher degrees of saturation
fats are solid at room temp, oils are liquid
Term
fats vs. oils
Definition
fats have longer FA chains & higher degrees of saturation
fats are solid at room temp, oils are liquid
Term
Lycine
Definition
limiting amino acid in grains
Term
Methianine
Definition
limiting amino acid in beans
Term
complementary protein meals
Definition
beans & rice, pasta & lentils, peanut butter (legume) & bread (grain), beans & tortillas
Term
RDA for protein
Definition
0.8 g protein/ 1 kg body weight
(1kg=2.2 lb)
range = (40, 80)
athletes need 1.2 to 1.7 g protein/kg body weight per day
Term
PEM
Definition
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor//Marasmus
Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition
PEM
edema, fatty liver, gray/red hair
caused by not enough protein, but sufficient calories: child breast fed until next child is born (breast milk is protein-rich)
Term
Marasmus
Definition
skin & bones appearance (6-18 months), skeletal, thin, weathered appearance
cause: insufficient protein & insufficient calories
Term
protein excess
Definition
* hard on kidneys
* high protein intake may increase Ca excretion
* high quality protein sources (animal sources) are also high in saturated fats
Term
protein equilibrium
Definition
proteins consumed= proteins excreted
Term
protein positive
Definition
eating more proteins that excreting
necessary in pregnancy, body building, growth
Term
protein negative
Definition
excreting more proteins than consuming
happens as a result of fasting, some intestinal tract disease, kidney disease, increased secretion of certain hormones (thyroid), & to burn victims
Term
advice for vegetarians to get adequate protein
Definition
* cook in an iron skillet
* eat sufficient:
iron (normally consumed in meat)
zinc (meat)
calcium (animal biproducts)
vitamin B12 (exclusively in animal biproducts)
vitamin D (milk)
riboflavin (approx. 50% found in milk)
omega-3 fatty acids (fish)
**too much folate will mask riboflavin deficiency
Term
excess folate
Definition
masks riboflavin deficiency--> BAD
Term
alpha end
Definition
acid group
Term
omega end
Definition
methyl end
Term
AMDR for carbs
Definition
45-65% of calories
Term
AMDR for protein
Definition
10-15%
Term
weight loss diet effect on protein
Definition
double;
half of fat
Term
lb. to kg conversion
Definition
1 kg=2.2 lb
Term
digestion of proteins
Definition
broken down into C skeleton of amino acids
Nitrogen: urea must be removed if making fat or glycogen (if fasting, makes glycogen). fine as long as kidneys fcn, but too much protein can put strain on kidneys
Term
functions of protein
Definition
growth: structural functions, muscle, enzymes, some hormones, antibodies (immune function), transport protein compounds, acid-base balance (acting as buffers), source of energy
Term
dietary sources & structures or types in diet of protein
Definition
complete: contain all amino acids necessary to supply body's needs; HIGH biological value; come from animal sources (meat & dairy)
partially complete:
incomplete:
* complementary proteins
*structure: made of amino acids; essential vs non-essential amino acids: non-essential amino acids can be made from other AAs in the body; however essentials must be absorbed from diet
dispensable//indispensable amino acids: non-essential//essential
side chain +
20 different AAs
Term
metabolism of proteins
Definition
protein must be denatured by HCl in stomach/ cooking
pepsin: protein digesting enzyme in stomach
Term
edema
Definition
looking fat, but it's just water in the belly. result of sufficient calories and insufficient protein?
Term
DV for fiber
Definition
38 g/ day (men)
25 g/ day (women)
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