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Honors Chemistry Midterm Review
11th grade Honors Chemistry Midterm Review
59
Chemistry
11th Grade
01/16/2012

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Term
Density
Definition
Denisty = Mass / Volume
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Pure Substance
Definition
Matter with the same fixed composition and properties
Term
Element
Definition
Simplest form of matter, composed of only one type of atom
Term
Compound
Definition
A chemical combination of 2 or more elements in a fixed proportion
Term
Organic
Definition
Carbon-based
Term
Mixture
Definition
A combination of 2 or more substances in which the basic identity of each substance is not charged
Term
Heterogenous
Definition
Not mixed the same throughout
Term
Homogenous
Definition
Mixed the same throughout
Term
Solute
Definition
What is being dissolved
Occurs in the lesser extent
Term
Solvent
Definition
What is doing the dissolving
Occurs to the greater extent
Term
Physical Change
Definition
A change in which the same substance is present before and after the change
Term
Chemical Change
Definition
A rearrangement of atoms and/or molecules to form one or more new substances with new properties
Term
Physical Property
Definition
A characteristic of matter that is exhibited without a change in identity
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
A property that can only be observed when there is a change in the composition of a substance
Term
Extensive Physical Property
Definition
Does depend on the amount of matter
Term
Intensive Physical Property
Definition
Does not depend on the amount of matter present
Term
Distillation
Definition
A technique used to separate liquids based on their boiling points
Term
Fractional Crystallization
Definition
The separation of substances by their solubility
Term
Bond
Definition
The force holding atoms together in a compound or molecule
Term
Molecule
Definition
Two or more atoms bonded together
Term
Compound
Definition
Two or more different atoms bonded together
Term
Diatomic Elements
Definition
H O N Cl Br I F
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Involves the sharing of electrons
Term
Linus Pawling
Definition
Came up with electronegativity
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
Attraction of an atom for a shared pair of electrons
Term
Bond Axis
Definition
Line joining the nuclei of 2 bonded atoms in a molecule
Term
Molecular Motion
Definition
Symmetric, Asymmetric, Bending, Rotating
Term
VSEPR Theory
Definition
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Predicts the 3D shape of molecules
Term
Hybrid Orbitals
Definition
Equivalent orbitals formed from orbitals of different energies
Term
Hybridization
Definition
The merging of 2 or more unlike orbitals to form an equal number of identical orbitals in an atom
Term
Sigma Bonds
Definition
A bond formed by the direct or end to end overlap of atomic hybrid orbitals
Term
Pi Bonds
Definition
Bond formed by the sideways overlap of P orbitals (Not hybridized)
Term
Polyatomic ions
Definition
Atoms are covalently bonded but the molecule has an overall charge
Term
Delocalized Electrons
Definition
Free to move easily from one atom to the next throughout the metal and don't belong to any particular atom
Term
Intermolecular Forces
Definition
Forces between molecules
Term
Intramolecular Forces
Definition
Forces within a molecules
Term
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Definition
Force of attraction between polar molecules
Term
London Forces
Definition
At any given instant, the distribution of electrons may be unequal and the positive nucleus of 1 atom may be attracted to the electrons of another
Term
Momentary Dipole
Definition
A temporary uneven distribution of electronic charge between an atom at any given instant
Term
Vander Waal's Forces
Definition
Collective name for all intermolecular Forces
Term
Avogadro's Number
Definition
6.02 x 10^23 = 1 mole of something
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
The actual formula for a compound
Term
Empirical Formula
Definition
The lowest ratio of atoms in a compound
Term
Einstein's Theory of Matter and Energy
Definition
E = mc^2
Term
Planck's Quantum Theory
Definition
E = h(V shaped frequency thing)
Term
Speed of Light
Definition
c = (Branch thingy for wavelength)(V shaped frequency thing)
Term
Newtonian Mechanics
Definition
Describes the behavior of visible objects at ordinary velocities
Term
Quantum Mechanics
Definition
Describes the behavior of very small objects at speeds near the speed of light
Term
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Definition
It is impossible to know both the exact position and momentum of an electron simultaneously
Term
Orbital
Definition
Where electrons are located (clouds)
An orbital can hold 2 electrons
Term
Sublevel
Definition
Contain all the orbitals of a given shape
Term
Aufbau Principle
Definition
An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it
Term
Hund's Rule
Definition
Electrons must occupy all of the given orbitals of a sublevel singularly before pairing begins
Term
Octet Rule
Definition
An atom with 8 electrons in its outermost shell is considered stable
Term
Doberiener
Definition
Noticed that Ca, Ba, and Sr all had similar properties and that the mass of Sr was about half-way between Ca and Ba
TRIADS
Term
John Newlands
Definition
Law of Octaves
Table with 7 rows of 7
Term
Mendeleev
Definition
Order of increasing mass with 7 in the first two rows and 17 after that
Term
Henry Moseley
Definition
Made table in order of atomic number
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