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Homeostasis and Cellular Signaling
Test 1
168
Physiology
Graduate
06/16/2011

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Term
The science of how humans and other animals function in an integrated way and is the basis for many biological and clinical sciences.
Definition
Physiology
Term
The study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function
Definition
Physiology
Term
What is the importance of physiology
Definition
Foundation upon which we build our knowledge of what "life" is, how to treat disease, and how to cope with stresses imposed upon our bodies by new environments
Term
How can the study of physiology benefit your clinical practice?
Definition
Physiological studies of normal biological function provide the basis for understanding the abnormal function seen in animal and human disease (pathophysiology) and for developing new methods for treating those diseases (translational research)
Term
The basic unit of living organisms
Definition
Cell
Term
Name 4 types of tissues
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Term
Water makes up about __% total body weight in a normal adult male.
Definition
55-60%
Term
All of the fluid outside of the cells
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
The fluid inside the cells
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
Found in the blood and spaces surrounding the cells
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
Makes up 1/3 of total body water
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
High Na+ and low K+ concentration
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
Makes up 2/3 of total body water
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
low Na+, high K+ concentration
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
Where does the water come from when you are dehydrated?
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
Name 2 divisions of extracellular fluid
Definition
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Term
The fluid portion of the blood
Definition
Plasma
Term
Plasma makes up __% of extracellular fluid
Definition
20-25%
Term
The fluid surrounding the cells (within or between tissues)
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
Interstitial fluid makes up ___% of extracelluar fluid
Definition
75-80%
Term
ECF or ICF: which one has a high Na+ concentration?
Definition
ECF
Term
ECF or ICF: Which one has a high K+ concentration?
Definition
ICF
Term
What is so dangerous about dehydration?
Definition
Since the water is coming out of the cells, it can kill them
Term
Property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates it internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition
Definition
Homeostasis
Term
What is our normal pH?
Definition
7.4
Term
Give 3 examples of homeostasis within our body?
Definition
Body temperature
pH
Electrolytes
Term
Most of the common physiological variables of the body are maintained within a ___ range
Definition
predictable
Term
What is the most common type of feedback system?
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
A change in the variable being regulated causes responses that move the variable in a direction opposite of the original change
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
A change in the variable condition causes response that accelerates the original change
Definition
Positive feedback
Term
Another term for a sensing mechanism
Definition
Receptor
Term
Sensing mechanism detects a change in a condition beyond specific limits; control center or integratory (usually brain) evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism (an effector) to correct the condition. When the control center determines that conditions have returned to normal, corrective action is discontinued.
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
How is temperature control an example of negative feedback
Definition
Body temperature is lowered. Receptor tells the control center. The control center activates the receptor. The effector raises the body temperature
Term
Name 2 body systems that are controlled by negative feedback
Definition
BP
Oxygen Saturation
Term
When talking about the negative feedback mechanism, what would be receptor be for high BP in the common carotid artery?
Definition
Common carotid sinus
Term
By what pathway does the common carotid send the signal that there is high BP?
Definition
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
Term
What is the control center in the CN 9 pathway in the brain?
Definition
Nucleus Solitarius
Term
Is regulation of glucose concentration of the blood negative or positive feedback?
Definition
Negative
Term
After a meal, absorption of food __ glucose in the blood
Definition
Increases
Term
What does the pancreas secrete?
Definition
Insulin
Term
Insulin triggers the liver and muscle cells to ___ glucose.
Definition
Absorb
Term
Once glucose levels decrease after a meal to normal, insulin secretion does what?
Definition
Stops
Term
When glucose levels decrease for other reasons (msucle use of glucose during exercise) the pancrease secretes what?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Glucagon stimulates the liver to released stored ___ in the blood
Definition
Glucose
Term
When glucose levels return to normal, __ secretion stops.
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Can negative feedback occur at the molecular, cellular, and organ level?
Definition
Yes
Term
Which is more common, negative or positive feedback?
Definition
Negative
Term
Give an example of positive feedback occurring in the body?
Definition
Childbirth and the release of oxytocin
Term
During childbirth, the body releases oxytocin with contractions that __ more contractions
Definition
Stimulates
Term
___ feedback stops the change, while ___ feedback accelerates the change.
Definition
Negative
Positive
Term
Give an example of Resetting of Set Points in our body?
Definition
Sleep/Circadian Rhythms
Term
The adaptive capability of homeostatic systems that allows the body to change set points as needed.
Definition
Resetting of set points
Term
Fever is a common example of a resetting of set point to a higher value in order to do what?
Definition
Fight infection
Term
Senses a change in anticipation
Definition
Feedforward Regulation
Term
Use of internal or external detectors (cues) to stimulate changes in anticipation of changes in regulated variables.
Definition
Feedforward Regulation
Term
Give an example of feedforward regulation
Definition
The smell of food triggers salivary glands and gastric glands to secrete enzymes in preparation for digestion before the body has received food.
Term
How can feedforward regulation be involved in learning?
Definition
Cues of fear produce an increase in adrenaline before a threat is imminent
Term
Increases the efficiency of homeostasis and response mechanisms
Definition
Feedforward Regulation
Term
Which system does lots of feedforward regulation?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Which system is mainly negative feeback?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
Name 3 intercellular chemical messengers
Definition
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Term
Where a cell in a tissue releases an enzyme and it diffuses over to effect the next cell.
Definition
Paracrine
Term
Effecting something locally, not traveling long distances
Definition
Paracrine agent
Term
Whatever this cell releases, comes back onto itself.
Definition
Autocrine agent
Term
Has a phospholipid bilayer with fatty acids to the inside. Embedded within are proteins.
Definition
Cell Membranes
Term
Arranged to be certain types of receptors
Definition
Proteins
Term
Dense proteins anchored within cell membranes. Have appendages that link cells together (cadherins). They allow ECF to move freely in and out of the cell.
Definition
Desmosomes
Term
Where 2 adjacent cells are fused. There is no passage in or out of the cell.
Definition
Tight Junctions
Term
Where the interior of the proteins are connected. There is a pore between the cells. The cells can communicate with each other rapidly. This is good because if you change 1 cell, then you immediately change all cells that it is connected to as well.
Definition
Gap Junctions
Term
What is diffusion dependent on?
Definition
Concentration gradients
Term
Name 2 ways in which diffusion can occur
Definition
Through the lipid bilayer
Through protein channels (ions)
Term
Movement of fluids across membranes (3)
Definition
Diffusion
Mediated Transport Systems
Osmosis
Term
Types of molecules that can diffuse right across the membrane, through the lipid bilayer
Definition
Non polar (O2, CO2)
Term
Name 4 common ions that diffuse through protein channels
Definition
Na
K
Cl
Ca
Term
Cannot diffuse right across the membrane because of their polar heads, they are electrically charged. They diffuse based on concentration gradients. So they must use what to diffuse?
Definition
Protein (ion) channels
Term
Takes advantage of concentration gradients but they DO require energy or something to help them (carrier molecule)
Definition
Mediated Transport Systems
Term
The type of transport where you must have some type of energy to help
Definition
Active Transport
Term
Where ATP provides the energy for the movement
Definition
Primary Active Transport
Term
This type of transport does not use ATP. It used an ion electrochemical gradient to move
Definition
Secondary Active Transport
Term
Secondary active transport that moves in the same direction
Definition
Cotransport
Term
Secondary active transport that moves in the opposite direction. (while one moves in, the other is moving out)
Definition
countertransport
Term
Insulin in an example of moving glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin binds to glucose to help it move across membranes. This is an example of what?
Definition
Facilitated Diffusion
Term
The flow of water between 2 solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane caused by a difference in solute concentration
Definition
Osmosis
Term
What is the driving force for osmosis? It's caused by the presence of a solute.
Definition
Difference is osmotic pressure
Term
During osmosis, water takes advantage of a receptor protein called a what?
Definition
Aquaporin
Term
The concentration of osmostically active particles in a solution.
Definition
Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
Term
How is Osmolarity calculated?
Definition
m0sm/L = gC
Term
What does "g" stand for?
Definition
The number of particles/mol in solution (i.e., does the solute dissociate in solution)
Term
what does "C" stand for?
Definition
concentration (mmol/L)
Term
If g=1, then the solute does not dissociate in solution but remains __ particle
Definition
1
Term
If g=2, then the solute dissociates into __ particles in solution, and so on
Definition
2
Term
NaCl dissociates into what in solution?
Definition
Na+ and Cl-
Therefore g=2
Term
It is important to remember that these ions likely interact with the solution when dissociated, so the reported g is what?
Definition
slightly less than 2
Term
2 solutions that have the same calculated osmolarity
Definition
Isoosmotic
Term
When osmolarity is different between 2 solutions, what is the solution with the higher value called?
Definition
Hyperosmotic
Term
When osmolarity is different between 2 solutions, what is the solution with the lower value called?
Definition
Hypoosmotic
Term
Extracellular fluid normally has an osmolarity of what?
Definition
285-300 mOsm/L
Term
The amount of pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent an inward flow of water through a semipermeable membrane
Definition
Osmotic pressure (mOsm)
Term
Solute particles in a solution interact with the pores in the membrane. Higher concentrations of solute increase what?
Definition
osmotic pressure
Term
The greater the osmolarity, the greater the what?
Definition
Osmotic pressure
Term
If 2 solutions have different solute concentrations, then their osmotic pressures are what?
Definition
Also different
Term
When 2 solutions have different solute concentrations and therefore different osmotic pressures, this causes water to flow where?
Definition
Across the membrane
Term
How is osmotic pressure calculated?
Definition
Pi=gCRT
Term
What does "R" stand for?
Definition
Gas constant (0.082 L-atm/mol-K)
Term
What does "R" stand for?
Definition
Gas constant (0.082 L-atm/mol-K)
Term
What does "T" stand for?
Definition
Absolute Temperature (K)
Term
At 37 degrees C, RT= what?
Definition
0.0245 L-atm/mmol
Term
Depends on BOTH the concentration of the solute and the permeability of the membrane
Definition
Effective Osmotic Pressure (atm)
Term
How is effective osmotic pressure calculated?
Definition
Pi=gCRT(sigma)
Term
What does the symbol "sigma" stand for?
Definition
Reflection coefficient
Term
The extent to which a particular solute crosses a particular membrane.
Definition
Reflection coefficient
Term
Values of this range from 0(membrane is freely permeable) to 1 (membrane is completeley impermeable)
Definition
Reflection coefficient
Term
When sigma=0, solutes diffuse across the membrane and down their concentration gradients until the concentration of both solutes is what?
Definition
Equal
Term
When the solutes become equal, they would have the same osmotic pressure because they have the same solute concentration, so no __ of water occurs.
Definition
Osmosis
Term
Can 2 solutions be isoosmotic but not isotonic?
Definition
Yes
Term
Can you have the same concentration but different pressures?
Definition
yes
Term
Have the same effective osmotic pressures.
Definition
Isotonic solutions
Term
When placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane, there is no osmosis
Definition
Isotonic solution
Term
Have higher effective osmotic pressures than other solutions
Definition
Hypertonic solutions
Term
Have lower effective osmotic pressures than others.
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
When placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane, the difference in osmotic pressures drives the water from the hypotonic solution into the __solution.
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
If you put a cell into a hypotonic solution, then water will move into the cell and the cell will ___
Definition
Swell/expand
Term
If you put a cell into a hypertonic solution, then water will move out of the cell and the cell will ___
Definition
Shrink
Term
You have an old lady in the summer time living in a cold house. She is drinking lots of tap water. LOTS! What is this going to do to the ECF? What will this due to the tissues in her body? Is this a major issue?
Definition
Hypotonic
Swell
Could cause brain to swell
Term
What is the normal value of Na+ in ECF?
Definition
140 mEq/L
Term
What is the normal value of Cl- is ECF?
Definition
100 mEq/dL
Term
What is the normal value of K+ in ECF?
Definition
4 mEq/dL
Term
What is the normal value of Ca++ in ECF?
Definition
10 mg/dL, 1mM
Term
What is the normal value of HCO3- in ECF?
Definition
24 mEq/L
Term
What is the normal value of glucose in ECF?
Definition
70-100 mg/dL fasting, 5.6 mM
Term
What the normal value of protein in ECF?
Definition
0.2 mM
Term
What is the normal ECF?
Definition
290 m0sm/L
Term
You can have fluid deficits or dehydration as a result of what 2 primary types of imbalance?
Definition
Loss of water w/out loss of solutes
Loss of water and solutes
Term
Results in the excess concentration of body solutes within the interstitial and intravascular compartments
Definition
Loss of water without loss of solutes
Term
When you have a loss of water without loss of solutes what do you do to preserve equilibrium?
Definition
Water will be forced to shift by osmosis from inside the cells to these outside compartments
Term
This can result in osmotic diuresis?
Definition
Loss of water without loss of solutes
Term
If the state of losing water without solutes persists what can happen?
Definition
Large amounts of body water will be shifted and excreted (osmotic diuresis), and severe cellular dehydration will result
Term
Name 4 things that can cause you to lose water without losing solutes.
Definition
1. Decreased water intake (unavailability, unconsciousness)
2. Water loss without proportionate solute loss (prolonged hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus)
3. Increased solute intake without proportionate water intake (tube feeding)
4. Excess accumulation of solutes (high glucose levels such as in DM)
Term
If a patient's ECF was 340 m0sm/L, what would you be worried about?
Definition
High Blood Pressure
Dehydration of cells
Term
Severe loss of water and solutes can lead to what 2 things?
Definition
Dehydration
Hypovolemic shock
Term
Name 3 causes of loss of water and solutes.
Definition
1. Hemorrhage
2. Profuse perspiration (marathon runner)
3. Loss of GI tract secretions (vomiting, diarrhea, ileostomy)
Term
Postsurgical patients often lose blood and become hypovolemic despite efforts to maintain homeostasis through transfusions and fluid replacements.
Definition
Loss of water and solutes
Term
Normal adults and athletes may experience ___ ___ when slightly dehydrated, especially when core body temp rises. Normal vascular system should accommodate effectively.
Definition
Orthostatic Hypotension
Term
Name the 9 common clinical signs and symptoms of dehydration.
Definition
1. Thirst
2. Weight Loss
3. Dry mouth, throat, or face
4. Absence of sweat
5. Increased body temp
6. Low urine output
7. Postural hypotension (increased heart rate and decreased diastolic/systolic pressures)
8. Dizziness and confusion
9. Increased hematocrit
Term
Percentage of blood volume that is occupied by RBC
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
What is the normal hematocrit percentage?
Definition
45%
Term
Fluid excess can occur in what 2 major forms?
Definition
Water Intoxication
Edema
Term
Excess extracellular water in relationship to solutes
Definition
Water intoxication
Term
With __, ECF becomes diluted, so water must move into the cells to equalize solute concentration on both sides of the cell membrane.
Definition
Water intoxication
Term
High water consumption without solute replacement can lead to what?
Definition
Hyponatremia
Term
Water intoxication can be caused by an accumulation of what?
Definition
Solute-Free fluid
Term
Accumulation of solute-free fluid usually occurs because of excess ___ or intake of large amounts of tap water without balance solute ingestion.
Definition
ADH (tumors, endocrine disorders)
Term
Also known as vasopressin, it is what stimulates the kidneys to excrete or reabsorb water
Definition
ADH
Term
An elderly patient is drinking only water after having the flu, diarrhea, or vomiting. What might this cause?
Definition
Water intoxication
Term
Symptoms of ___ are largely neurologic because of water shifting into brain tissues and dilution of sodium in the vascular space.
Definition
Water intoxication
Term
11 Clinical signs and symptoms of water intoxication
Definition
1. Decreased mental alertness
2. Sleepiness
3. Poor motor coordination
4. COnfusion
5. Convulsions
6. Sudden weight gain
7. Hyperventilation
8. Signs of increased ICP
9. Mild peripheral edema
10. LOW SERUM SODIUM
11. LOW HEMATOCRIT
Term
Excess of BOTH solutes and water
Definition
Edema
Term
Another term for edema.
Definition
Isotonic volume excess
Term
Excess fluid is retained in the ___ compartment and results in fluid accumulation in the ___ spaces
Definition
Extracellular
Interstitial
Term
Edema is most often produced by many different situations, name the 4 most common.
Definition
1. Vein Obstructions
2. Decreased Cardiac Output
3. Endocrine Imbalances
4. Loss of serum protein (burns, liver dz, allergic reactions)
Term
Name 11 clincial signs and symptoms of edema
Definition
1. Weight gain (primary symptom)
2. Excess fluid
3. Dependent or pitting edema
4. Increased BP
5. Neck Vein Engorgement
6. Effusions
7. Congestive Heart Failure
8. Signs of increased ICP
9. Mild peripheral edema
10. Low serum sodium
11. Low hematocrit
Term
What type of medication is most often used to treat Edema
Definition
Diuretic
Term
Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Potassium is usually also lost and is a major concern for anyone on this medication for a long time.
Definition
Diuretic
Term
When a person is on a diuretice, what must be monitored, especially before exercise.
Definition
Potassium levels
Term
Name 5 clinical signs and symptoms of potassium loss.
Definition
1. Muscle weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Cardiac arrhythmia
4. Abdominal distention
5. Nausea and vomiting
Term
Name 4 types of epithelial transport
Definition
1. Paracellular pathway
2. Transcellular pathway
3. Transepithelial transport of organic solutes
4. Transepithelial osmosis
Term
Diffusion between adjacent cells
Definition
Paracellular pathway
Term
Movement into a cell, through the cytosol, and exit across the opposite membrane
Definition
Transcellular pathway
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