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HOA 105 Exam 2
China, Christianity/Early Byzantine, Buddhism, Germanic, Haberno-Saxon, Carolingian, Feudalism, Romanesque, Gothic, Japan/India/China
95
Art History
Undergraduate 1
10/09/2012

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Term
Li
Definition
know your place in society and act accordingly; an ethical imperative
Term
daoism
Definition
Chinese philosiphy advocating humility and religous piety; everything should be abandoned in favor of simplicity
Term
Dao de jing
Definition
the most important text of Daoism; everything you do should be with a sense of balance and fairness
Term
yin and yang
Definition
balance; unity of opposites within a circle; harmonious balance of opposites
Term
analects
Definition
collection of Confucius' short philosophical extracts; how to maintain happiness in your place in society and how to live comfortably with other people
Term
transubstantiantion
Definition
the changing of wine and bread into flesh and blood
Term
iconography
Definition
the visual imagery that conveys specific concepts and ideas; symbols have meaning
Term
ichthys
Definition
earliest Christian symbol; fish
Term
catacombs
Definition
underground complex consisting of burial chambers and galleries with recesses for tombs; under the streets of Rome
Term
Chi and Rho
Definition
resemble the cross and shepard's crook; first and last Greek letters of Christos
Term
Alpha and Omega
Definition
first and last letters of the Greek alphabet
Term
circle
Definition
infinity and resurrection; symbol of eternal life
Term
sarcophagus
Definition
burial container for bodies
Term
cathedra
Definition
bishop's ceremonial seat; bishop was the judge in legal cases; where he sat when giving judgment
Term
cruciform plan
Definition
cross shaped architectural layout
Term
atrium
Definition
open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to Christian basilica
Term
narthex
Definition
porch or vestibule at the main entrance of a church
Term
nave
Definition
central aisle of a church between the altar and the apse, usually demarcated form the side aisles by columns or piers
Term
transept
Definition
part of a basilica-plan church that runs perpindicular to the nave
Term
apse
Definition
head of the cross; separated from the nave with an arch
Term
aisles
Definition
portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers
Term
triforium
Definition
the arcaded gallery below the clerestory in a basilica
Term
clerestory
Definition
upper part of the nave, whose walls contain openings for light
Term
pendentive
Definition
supports the dome; smaller vaults that take the weight of the big vault down to the ground
Term
central plan
Definition
architectural layout in which the parts of the structure are of equal or almost equal dimensions around the center
Term
isocephaly
Definition
all heads are placed at one level; used in Byzantine art
Term
icon
Definition
the image of a saint or other religious figure
Term
pantheism
Definition
all things pervading from the divine spirit; God is everything
Term
brahman
Definition
all pervading, infinite cosmic force
Term
atman
Definition
the self; the soul seeking unity with Brahman
Term
nirvana
Definition
union of the Brahman and the Atman; rejection of the material world
Term
karma
Definition
legacy of accumulated lives in cycle of reincarnation; rebirth of soul into another body
Term
eight-fold path
Definition
the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced
Term
four noble truths
Definition
the four central beliefs containing the essence of Buddhist teaching

1. pain is universal
2. desire causes pain
3. ceasing to desire relieves pain
4. right conduct leads to release from pain
Term
sutra
Definition
an instructional chapter or discourse in any of the sacred books of Buddhism
Term
mudra
Definition
a symbolic gesture commonly used in Buddhist art
Term
stupa
Definition
a mount of earth encased by brick or stone; visit it to mediate and is a man-made mountain
Term
torana
Definition
gate that marks the cardinal points of the compass and are carved with the symbols of the Buddha and his teachings at the stupa
Term
pagoda
Definition
an east Asian shrine in the shape of a tower, usually with roots curving upward at the division of each of several stories
Term
bodhisattva
Definition
beings who have reached enlightenment but who, out of compassion, have held back from entering nirvana until the very last soul has been brought to enlightenment
Term
Sharia
Definition
ethical code of Islam
Term
kufic script
Definition
the writing is the art of Islam since it was forbidden to depict the human body in Islamic art
Term
geometric motif
Definition
characterized by or decorated with regular lines and shapes
Term
floral motif
Definition
decorated with or depicting flowers
Term
calligraphic motif
Definition
handwriting or penmanship, especially elegant writing as decorative art
Term
arabesque
Definition
type of ornament featuring intertwined leaf and flower forms
Term
interlace
Definition
forms that are intricately laced together; detailed decoration
Term
mosque
Definition
place of prayer in Islamic worship
Term
minaret
Definition
towers form which muezzins call the faithful to prayer
Term
mihrab
Definition
niche in the wall of a mosque marking the direction toward Mecca (east)
Term
gilding
Definition
gold-surfaced; covered with a thin layer of gold, gold paint or gold foil
Term
stucco
Definition
fine plater used for coating wall surfaces or molding into architectural decorations; textured; very complex and detailed
Term
Sutton Hoo
Definition
site in Suffolk of a Saxon ship burial of the seventh century, containing magnificent grave goods
Term
cloisonne
Definition
an enameling technique produced by pouring molten colored glass between thin metal strips secured to a metal surface
Term
zoomorphic decoration
Definition
animal-shaped; having the form of an animal
Term
illuminated manuscript
Definition
luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
pursued dream of restoring Roman Empire under Christianity; crowned the first "Holy Roman Emperor" (christian emperor); rebirth in lost wax casting; rebirth in literacy, art and culture, link with Baghdad, opened trade routes, encouraged scholarship
Term
evangelists
Definition
writers of the 4 gospels (Matthew, John, Luke, mark)
Term
Psalter
Definition
collection of Biblical psalms
Term
fief
Definition
in feudal society, land or property given to a warrior in return for military service
Term
chivalry
Definition
courtly love was cultivated by the aristocracy, and involved the longing of a nobleman for an unattainable woman
Term
monasticism
Definition
communal way of living within the Church, apart from the world so monks could devote their lives and thoughts to God
Term
Benedictine rule
Definition
rules written by Saint Benedict for monks living communally under an abbot's authority; oath of poverty, chastity, and humility
Term
Crusades
Definition
armed pilgrimages aimed at recapturing the Holy Land from people of the Islamic faith
Term
millennialism
Definition
Bible says that the end of the world will happen at the millennium
Term
mysticism
Definition
visionary set of mind that reflects an intuitive and direct knowledge of God and the supernatural
Term
apsidal chapels
Definition
in medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept
Term
ambulatory
Definition
covered walkway outdoors (as in a church cloister) or indoors; especially the passageway around the apse and choir of a church
Term
cloister
Definition
a monastery courtyard, usually with covered walks or ambulatories along its sides; place for monks to walk, read and think during mediation
Term
portal
Definition
doorway, gate or other entrance, especially a large and imposing one
Term
tympanum
Definition
space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway
Term
archivolts
Definition
in Romanesque or Gothic architecture, one of the series of concentric bands framing the tympanum
Term
jambs
Definition
in architecture, the side posts of a doorway
Term
trumeau
Definition
in church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway
Term
historiated capitals
Definition
stories of the Bible and visions on the saints at the uppermost part of the column
Term
scholasticism
Definition
beginning of logical thinking and first questioning of Biblical truths; intellectualizing the world; Gothic era
Term
Gothic cathedral
Definition
focal point for an urban community
Term
pointed arches
Definition
narrow arch of a pointed profile; allows for ceilings and arches to go higher
Term
ribbed vaults
Definition
the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them
Term
flying buttresses
Definition
leaned against a wall and takes all of the weight of the wall down with it; allowed for walls to be higher and larger windows
Term
stained glass
Definition
colored glass used for windows in Gothic architecture
Term
Three Part nave elevation
Definition
arcade, triforium, clerestory
Term
mullions
Definition
vertical member that divides a window or separates one window form another; holds glass pieces together
Term
rose windows
Definition
circular stained glass window that is large
Term
lancet windows
Definition
tall, narrow window ending in a pointed arch in Gothic architecture
Term
guild
Definition
medieval association of craftsmen and merchants, often having considerable power; earliest capitalistic organization; paid for some lancet windows
Term
vishnu
Definition
god of preservation in hinduism
Term
shiva
Definition
god of destruction and regeneration in hinduism
Term
mithunas
Definition
Hindu representation of a male and female locked in passionate embrace; sexual
Term
luohan
Definition
a term for enlightened being, portrayed as a sage or mystic
Term
The Diamond Sutra
Definition
first book to be printed and mass produced; teachings of the Buddha
Term
hand scroll
Definition
in Asian art, a horizontal painted scroll that is unrolled to the left and often used to present illustrated religious texts of landscapes; view from right to left
Term
hanging scroll
Definition
in Asian art, a vertical painted scroll that is unrolled from the bottom and often used to present illustrated religious texts of landscapes
Term
fan (album leaf)
Definition
in Asian art, an album leaf is usually part of a book combining paintings and poems in sequence
Term
shogunate
Definition
a military dictatorship in Japan head by shoguns
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