Shared Flashcard Set

Details

History: Modern World Studies: Unit 4
This set of flashcards tests your knowledge of Modern World Studies, Unit 4.
88
History
10th Grade
11/22/2010

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
apocalyptic
Definition
forecasting terrible disaster
Term
entente
Definition
an understanding between two or more nations
Term
What two kinds of revolution at the beginning of the 1800s caused many people to feel optimistic about life at the beginning of the 1900s?
Definition

industrial revolution

democratic revolution

Term
Why were tensions beginning to rise in industrialized nations in the early twentieth century?
Definition
- industrial nations competed to see which country could build the most productive factories, the richest colonies, and the most powerful military
Term
Triple Alliance
Definition
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Term
Triple Entente
Definition
France, Russia, Great Britain
Term
Why were alliances between countries created?
Definition
- to keep the peace and strengthen security
Term
Why did people in colonies begin to demand freedom from imperial rule in the early 1900s?
Definition

- they began developing nationalist feelings of their own

- they were motivated by resentment against their foreign rulers and pride in their own countries

Term
In 1914, a ___ nationalist assassinated Archduke _____ (the heir to the ____ throne) while he was visiting ___, the capital of Bosnia. 
Definition
Bosnian, Franz Ferdinand, Hasburg, Sarajevo
Term
When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia?
Definition
July 28th, 1914
Term
On August 1, Germany declared war on _____.
Definition
Russia
Term
On August 3rd, Germany declares war on ____.
Definition
France
Term
artillery
Definition
guns too large to be fired from the hand or shoulder
Term
caliber
Definition
the diameter of an artillery shell or bullet
Term
five-nines
Definition
explosive shells used during World War 1, so named because their caliber was 5.9 inches
Term
reconnaissance
Definition
scouting ahead to survey enemy territory
Term
Why did the British believe that their boys would be "home by Christmas"?
Definition
The felt sure that their Navy, the most powerful in the world, would easily destroy the Germans and break their economy by blockading their ports. 
Term
Why did the French believe the war would be a quick victory?
Definition
The French had built massive barricades on their eastern border.
Term
Why did Germany believe they would quickly defeat the Triple Entente?
Definition
They had the most powerful army in Europe.
Term
Why were the Germans slowed upon invading France?
Definition
When German soldiers marched into Belgium, Belgium soldiers and civilians (and later the British) fought back, slowing down the troops. 
Term
The trench lines on the Western Front extended from __ to __.
Definition
Switzerland, English Channel
Term
About how many miles away from Moscow were the Central Powers at their farthest advance on the Eastern Front?
Definition
about 325 miles
Term
Which was longer...the Eastern Front of the Western Front?
Definition
the Eastern Front
Term
Trench warfare
Definition
trench warfare was when both sides dug trenches along a front and shelled each other with artillery
Term
no-man's-land
Definition
a vast area of land where trees had been blasted away leaving no room for cover; covered in buried land mines; barbed wire snaked across the land
Term
soldier's life
Definition
mud, ice, rats, foul air, and hardly any fresh food made life in the trenches miserable
Term
genocide
Definition
the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
Term

___ : German forces defeat advancing Russians

October 1914: ____ joins the Central Powers

____: ___ takes command of the Russian army

          British forces land at Galli Poli 

Definition

August 1914

the Ottoman Empire

1915: Tsar Nicholas ll 

Term
The ___ accused the Armenians of cooperating with the ____. In retaliation, the Ottomans executed tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. More than a million Armenians died. This came to be known as the ____. 
Definition
Ottomans, Russians, Armenian Massacre
Term
What group of people, who were seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire in the years prior to and during the Great War, did Thomas Edward Lawrence enlist as allies in the fight against the Ottoman Empire?
Definition
the Arabs of Egypt, Arabia, and Syria
Term
After Britain won the Battle of Jutland, the British navy became in control of ___-- they could blockade ____, making it difficult for food and help to reach the Central Powers. 
Definition

European waters

German North Sea ports

Term
dominions
Definition
self-governing nations in the British Empire
Term
What were some of the changes in civilian during the war?
Definition

- many women joined the workforce

- food was rationed 

- the woman's suffrage movement got a boost

- union leaders and businessmen were included in the planning of wartime industries

Term
What were some of the changes in government during WW1?
Definition

- governments used propaganda to encourage civilian support for the war

- governments controlled the economies of their nations (planned economies)

- governments recognized women's contributions and granted them the right to vote 

Term
What role did propaganda play in the war?
Definition
Governments used propaganda, such as newsreels and posters, to encourage popular support for the war.
Term
biased information designed to rouse emotions
Definition
propaganda
Term
economies largely planned and controlled by government
Definition
planned economy
Term
suffrage
Definition
the right to vote
Term
a war in which the opposed nations use virtually every resource they possess to keep up the fight, involving every citizen in the effect
Definition
total war
Term
Why did nations refuse to seek truce during World War l?
Definition
The thought that seeking peace would be unpatriotic and weak.
Term
By 1917, which side seemed worse off-- the Central Powers or the Allies?
Definition

the Allies; 

- mutinies had broken out in the French army

- German submarines attacked British ships attempting to starve the island into surrender

- Russia faced huge casualties and revolution had broken out in the empire

Term
What were the Russian tsars trying to gain when they went to war with Sweden and the Ottoman Empire in the late 1600s?
Definition
warm-water ports
Term
What four climate zones make up most of Russia and the former Soviet republics?
Definition
tundra, subarctic, cool summer, semiarid steppe
Term
In Russia, in what climate are the highest population densities found? Why?
Definition
Cool summer; It is more suitable for human population/habitation.
Term
someone who rejects any ruling authority or established order
Definition
anarchist
Term
councils set up by Russian workers beginning in 1905
Definition
soviets
Term
What were some of Russia's achievements in the late nineteenth century?
Definition

- Trans-Siberian Railroad

- was one of the world's leading producer's of oil

- Peter Tchaikovsky 

- universities in Moscow and St. Pettersburg


Term
wanted no government at all
Definition
anarchists
Term
wanted a constitutional monarchy
Definition
liberals
Term
wanted a powerful state running the economy
Definition
socialists
Term
wanted communism
Definition
Marxists
Term
German philosopher who predicted a revolt of workers against factory owners
Definition
Karl Marx
Term
Marxist who worked for a communist revolution in Russia
Definition
Vladimir Lenin
Term
Brilliant writer and speaker who became the number two man in the Bolshevik party
Definition
Leon Trotsky
Term
Romanov tsar who held the Russian throne but abdicated in 1917
Definition
Tsar Nicholas ll
Term
Young, loyal follower of Lenin who was tough and ruthless
Definition
Joseph Stalin
Term
On a Sunday in January 1905, thousands of workers marched to the tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. They carried a ___ asking for __ improvements and ___ change. This was prompted, in part, by the war that Russia was losing to ___. 
Definition
petition, economic, Japan
Term
Russian workers and Tsar Nicholas ll responded to Bloody Sunday, which signaled the start of the 1905 revolution. What did they do?
Definition

Russian workers: went on strike, set up councils called "soviets" 

Tsar: created an elected parliament called the Duma, but then refused to cooperate with it

Term
In early 1917, unrest in the Russian military and civilian population led to ___ and ___. 
Definition

1. more demonstrations by the worker's councils-- the Soviets

2. Tsar Nicholas ll, after seeing that his troops would not fire on the demonstrators, gave up power

Term
factory laborers and others who work for wages
Definition
proletariat
Term
Why did the Communist Party adopt atheism as an official policy of the state?
Definition
Lenin and Marx, believed that religion was the "the opium of the people". Lenin believed that there was no room for faith in God or freedom or religion. Lenin was trying to ensure that the church could not threaten his dictatorship. 
Term
a truce that brings an end to fighting before the official signing of a peace treaty
Definition
armistice
Term
a solemn, binding agreement or promise
Definition
covenant
Term
supreme power over a nation
Definition
sovereignty
Term
Most Americans, at first, wanted to stay out of the war...why?
Definition
Most Americans viewed the war as a nasty European fight and did not want to get involved.
Term

The following are three reasons America declared war on Germany in April 1917: 

- ____, such as the burning of the Belgian town of Louvain

- the sinking of the ____ by German submarines

- Germany resumed _____ and started to sink American cargo ships

Definition

astrocities

Lusitania 

unrestricted submarine warfare

 

Term
What were the total number of combatants killed during WWl?
Definition
9 million
Term
Which two nations faced the largest number of casualties?
Definition
Germany and Russia
Term
Today, the British celebrate November 11th as ____. In the US, it is called ___.
Definition

Rememberence Day

Veterans Day

Term
What was the effect of the Great War on the infrastructure of France and Belgium?
Definition
The infrastructure in France and Belgium was devastated. Villages, towns, and farms were wrecked.
Term
By 1918, the fighting cost Britain and Germany about ____ an hour.
Definition
$10 million
Term
sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans
Definition
Woodrow Wilson (United States)
Term
governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise
Definition
David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
Term
intent on punishing Germany severely
Definition
Georges Clemenceau (France)
Term
The first major battles of World War I occurred __________.
Definition
when Germany invaded Belgium in a strategy to quickly defeat France
Term
What was the situation on the Eastern Front in the early part of 1915?
Definition
The Turks, Germans, and Austrians joined forces to drive Russian troops back to Russian territory.
Term
What led to the construction and use of trenches in combat?
Definition
the inability of either side to make significant advances in Belgium and France
Term
Which of the following is one of the earliest examples of genocide?
Definition
the massacre of thousands of Armenians
Term
What happened when World War I escalated and became “total war"?
Definition
Nations passed laws restricting some civil rights.
Term
What is the course of flow of most Russian rivers?
Definition
north, into the Arctic Ocean
Term
Why was the Trans-Siberian railroad built?
Definition
to ship valuable natural resources from Siberia to supply Russia’s growing cities
Term
Why does most of eastern Russia have a low population density?
Definition
Most of the region is located within tundra and subarctic climate zones.
Term
Why was Russia struggling to modernize at the end of the nineteenth century?
Definition
Russia’s leaders and nobility had resisted social change.
Term
What happened in Petrograd in November 1917?
Definition
Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, revolted and took power from the Provisional Government.
Term
Why didn’t the Russian Revolution come to an end once Lenin came to power and launched his communist program?
Definition
The Bolsheviks, or Reds, fought a bloody civil war against the Whites.
Term
Who became the first leader of the USSR?
Definition
Vladimir Lenin
Term
The economies of many European nations were devastated at the end of World War I for all of the following reasons except __________.
Definition
they could no longer trade with the United States because of the depression there
Term
Why did France want provisions in the Versailles peace treaty for making Germany as weak as possible?
Definition
to assure that Germany would not be able to threaten France in the future
Supporting users have an ad free experience!