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History Test Chap. 8-13
test
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History
11th Grade
12/14/2008

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Jeffersonian Ideals
Definition

-early 1800s

-had an affair with his slave

-from Virginia

-condemned “race-mixing”

-anti-federalist (states should have more power in order to avoid tyranny)

-supported colonization of Africa

-reduced size of supreme court and fired all but one judge (b/c afraid the Feds had too much power)

-Louisiana Purchase (believed in an “empire of liberty”/expansion)

-American liberty depends on the prosperity of agriculture

 

Term
Judiciary Act of 1801
Definition

-under Jefferson

-reduced size of supreme court and fired all but 1 judge (John Marshall)

-helped Jefferson remove Federalist judges

 

Term
Marbury v. Madison
Definition

-1803

-Chief Justice: John Marshall

-supreme court ruled that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority by writing the Judiciary Act of 1789

-important step in establishing judicial review (check constitutionality of acts of Congress and executive)

 

Term
Chief Justice John Marshall
Definition

-early 1800s

-served as chief justice for 34 years

-only member of supreme court to remain after the Judiciary Act of 1801

-Marbury vs. Madison

-extreme Federalist

Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition

-1803

-Jefferson

-Louisiana territory belonged to France (under Napoleon, who was a strong military power and a threat to Jefferson)

-Jefferson was afraid the US could be stuck btwn Britain and France

-worried about New Orleans (only outlet for farmers along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers)

-Jefferson wanted to bargain for part of Louisiana, but Napoleon sold him the whole thing b/c he wanted to focus on war in Europe

Term
Lewis and Clark
Definition

-early 1800s

-Jefferson sent them to trace the Missouri River to its source and go all the way to the Pacific

-Jefferson told them to focus on collecting scientific knowledge

-led to better maps and increasing interest in the West

Term
James Madison
Definition

-prez beginning 1808

-Republican (aka not Federalist)

-American liberty depends on the prosperity of agriculture (and therefore trade)

-tried to restrict trade with British and French to get them to submit to the US, but it didn’t work

-called for a new national bank

Term
Tecumseh
Definition

-early 1800s

-when Harrison (governor of the Indiana territory) took Indian lands in the Treaty of Fort Wayne

-Tecumseh tried to build up a coalition of several tribes to stop white expansion onto Indian lands

-became recognized as a leader among the western tribes

-decided that an alliance with the British was the only way to stop American expansion

Term
War of 1812 (purpose and result)
Definition

-Madison was convinced that Britain was out to destroy American trade and eliminate the US as a trading rival

-British allied with the Indians

-fought in Canada           

-Britain tried to split the northern states from the south

-negotiated peace: Treaty of Ghent (restored everything back to how it was before the war)

-eliminated Federalists as a political party

-Republicans began to embrace some Federalist ideas

Term
The Hartford Convention
Definition

-1814

-Federalist

-proposed a series of constitutional amendments:

                -abolish the 3/5 clause

                -require a 2/3 vote in Congress to declare war and admit new states to the union

                -limit prez to a single term

                -prohibit the election of 2 consecutive presidents from the same state

                -bar embargoes lasting more than 60 days

-no popular support

Term
The Era of Good Feelings
Definition

-early 1800s

-Monroe’s presidency

-one party (Feds gone, Republicans began to adopt some Fed ideas), so no political bickering

-growing nationalism and sectionalism

North:

-industrialization (canals, steamboats), technology

-death of Fed party = loss of North’s political prominence

West (Northwest):

-“Ohio fever” (speculation, or buying new land)

-internal improvements (roads, canals, etc)

Term
James Monroe
Definition

-early 1800s

-prez after the war of 1812

-not brilliant, polished, or wealthy like Jefferson and Madison

-wanted to heal America’s political divisions

-his presidency = “era of good feelings”

-Monroe doctrine

Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition

-1820-21

-should Missouri be a slave state or not?

-Congress admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state to balance it out

-prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana purchase north of 36o30’ (Missouri’s southern border)

 

Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition

-1823

-Monroe’s message to Congress

1. US will avoid European wars unless American interests are involved

2. America not subject to European colonization

3. any attempt at colonization will be viewed as an “unfriendly act”

Term
Trail of Tears
Definition

-1830-1850

-under Andrew Jackson (an Indian fighter)

-removed remaining tribes in the east and relocate them in the west

-1830: Indian Removal Act

-used forced treaties and US Army action to move 100,000 Indians living on the Miss river to what is now Oklahoma

-US never paid the Indians the 5 million they promised

Term
Federal Land Policy
Definition

-late 1700s

-Feds were reluctant to encourage western settlement, but eager to sell land in order to raise revenue for the gov’t

-made minimum purchase at 640 acres for $2 an acre

-few small farmers could buy this

(-the Republicans later dropped the minimum purchase and price)

Term
Panic of 1819
Definition

-banking crisis that caused financial panic

-due to state banks’ loose practices

-less foreign demand for US crops

-to pay debts, state banks demanded that farmers and land speculators repay their loans in specie

-land values collapsed b/c they couldn’t pay their loans

-as a result, people were bitter towards banks (Bank of the United States was blamed)

Term
Speculation
Definition
-early 1800s
-westward explorers speculated what land was worth to create farms and plantations
Term
Steamboats and Canals
Definition

-after 1820 attention shifted to the development of waterways

-1807: first steamboat

-steamboats had a vital role along the Miss and Ohio rivers

-steamboats became more luxurious also

-Erie Canal

-canals could connect the Miss-Ohio river system with the Great Lakes

-shipping costs via canal were much lower than via road

Term
Railroads
Definition

-beginning 1825

-competed with canals and then overtook them

                -faster, cheaper to build, and able to reach more places

-1850: linked east coast to Lake Erie

Term
Growth of cities
Definition

-beginning in the early 1800s

-transportation revolution accelerated the growth of cities

-particularly fast in the west (where all major cities were river ports)

Term
Industrialization (pros and cons)
Definition

Beginning early 1800s

+first cotton mill

-little in the south, lots in New England (made more uneven)

+former luxury goods became cheaper

-undermined skilled artisans

-factories over farms (so people couldn’t work at their own pace, control their own hours, etc)

+cotton gin

Term
Textiles in New England
Definition

-early 1800s

-men moved westward, so women were left to do cheap industrial labor

-bad conditions, low wages

-women went on strike to protest

-Boston Manufacturing Company
Term
Artisan Unions in the Mid-Atlantic
Definition

-early 1800s

-created trade unions to protect their business

-joined forces with unskilled workers

-joined in the first general strike in the US

-emergence of organizes worker protests

Term
Growing Gap btwn Rich and Poor
Definition

-first half of 1800s

-splendid residences and social clubs set the rich apart

-pretty much impossible to go from “rags to riches”

-poorest white immigrants were from Ireland

Term
Free Blacks in the North
Definition

-slavery pretty much gone by 1820

-discriminatory laws remained

-voting rights restricted

-segregated public transportation, schools, hospitals

-forced into unskilled, low-paying jobs

-established their own churches

Term
The Election of 1824
Definition

-sectional politics

-5 candidates (al Republicans)

-John Quincy Adams was the New England favorite (and won)

-Jackson was the favorite of the frontier people; won popular and electoral vote, but not the majority electoral vote in the House

Term
John Quincy Adams
Definition

-prez 1824-28

-popular in New England when he was elected

-his presidency was controversial b/c he did not win the popular vote

-angered southerners by proposing to send delegates to a conference of newly independent Latin American nations (would imply recognition of Haiti, where a slave revolt took over)

-alienated his supporters by appointing his opponents to high office

Term
Election of 1828
Definition

-mudslinging campaign

-National Republicans (nominated Adams) attacked Jackson as a murderer, drunken gambler, and adulterer

-Democrats (nominated Jackson) said Jackson better represented the common man, and Adams was an aristocrat (a man who could write but not fight)

Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition

-prez 1828, won again 1832

-Democrat (vs. National Republican)

-national hero b/c won the Battle of New Orleans over the British

-southerners liked him b/c he was a slaveholder

-advocate of Indian removal

-removed officeholders of the rival party

-against federal support for internal improvements (like most southerners)

-Indian Removal Act enhanced his popularity in the south

 

Term
Nullification
Definition

(of tariffs)

-1820s-30s

-VP Calhoun wanted to nullify the 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” (high protective tariff favorable to western agriculture and New England manufacturing—raised price of manufactured goods) and prez Jackson didn’t

-Compromise Tariff of 1833 (created by Henry Clay, who was dubbed “The Great Compromiser”): gradual but significant lowering of tariff duties

Term
John Calhoun
Definition

-VP 1828 (of Jackson), but wanted really badly to be prez

-Democrat

-state’s rights sectionalist

-tension with Jackson over nullification (Calhoun was pro-nullification, which would help out the south)

 

Term
Temperance
Definition

-1820s and 30s

-total abstinence from alcohol or moderation in its use

-alcohol abuse was a growing problem, especially among men, so many women were pro-temperance

-American Temperance Society demanded total abstinence

-laboring class was a chief target for temperance reformers

-by the 1830s prohibition was scoring victories, esp in New England

Term
Abolitionism
Definition

-1820s and 30s

-the growing cotton economy made slavery more attractive to southerners (slave pop soared)

-many white abolitionists were still racists—wanted only legal equality (not racial or social equality), preferred light-skinned blacks, and hesitated to admit African-Americans to antislavery societies

-mobs often attacked abolitionists

-women often became very involved

Term
Grimke Sisters
Definition

-1820s and 30s

-abolitionists

-spoke to audiences of men and women

                -controversial, b/c women weren’t supposed to address male audiences

                                -this criticism caused the sisters to turn to the issue of women’s rights

Term
Women's Rights
Definition

-1830s

-couldn’t vote, own property (if married), or keep their own wages (if married)

-activists: Grimke Sisters, Lucretia Mott

-argued that the difference btwn race and gender were unimportant

-rode on the coattails of the abolitionist movement

-Seneca Falls Convention

-had less immediate impact than other reforms (not as much commotion as antislavery)

Term
Seneca Falls Convention
Definition

-1848

-women’s rights convention

-organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the Declaration of Independence: “all men and all women are created equal”

Term
Declaration of Sentiments
Definition

-1848

-written at the Seneca Falls Convention

-modeled after the Declaration of Independence: “all men and all women are created equal

Term
King Cotton
Definition

-mid 1800s

-cotton reigned as “king,” shaping the new South

-Indian removal made way for southern expansion into the cotton “kingdom”

-caused the south to become very prosperous

-cotton was appealing b/c it didn’t require as many slaves as sugar (many cotton farmers owned no slaves)

-compatible with corn

-south became very wealthy

 

 

Term
Conflict Over Slavery
Definition

-mid 1800s

-most white southerners were non-slaveholders, but were not anti-slavery

-most southerners just accepted racial assumptions

-so, not much conflict btwn slaveholders and nonslaveholders

-no one knew where freed slaves would go or what they would do

-believed that without colonization, emancipation would lead to a race war

Term
The Proslavery Argument
Definition

-1830-1860

-southerners argued that slavery was a positive good rather than a necessary evil

-southerners burned abolitionist literature from the mail

-most southern churches were now proslavery (justification for being proslavery)

-argued that it is an ancient and classical institution

-open discussions of slavery were suppressed in the south

Term
Violence in the White South
Definition

-mid 1800s

-violence was part of everyday life

-poor southern whites gouged out each other’s eyes

-murder rate of 10x higher than the north

Term
Southern Evangelicals
Definition

-mid 1800s

-no longer made an effort to reach out to women, blacks, and the poor

-women now expected to remain silent in church

-urban blacks increasingly formed their own churches

Term
The Plantation System
Definition

-changed in the mid 1800s

-now slaves were just as likely female as male, born in America, spoke English, and worked with many other slaves on a plantation

-men and women worked together in the fields

Term
Slave Families
Definition

-mid 1800s

-masters encourage slave marriages (b/c new slaves were born and kept them from running away)

-conditions on small farms and new plantations discouraged the formation of families

-the law did not recognize or protect the slave family

-more likely to get married b/c masters had bigger groups of slaves

-slave children of white masters sometimes became targets for the wrath of white mistresses

Term
Slave Resistance
Definition

-mid 1800s

-Nat Turner’s revolt was the only one that caused white deaths

-most slave rebellions were conspiracies that never materialized

-this was because…

                -slaves were never a large majority

                -plantation owners had armed force and were willing to use it

                -families made them reluctant to risk death

                -runaways had no allies

-b/c they couldn’t rebel, many tried to flee to the north

                -but abolitionists didn’t help them much

Term
Nat Turner
Definition

-Virginia 1831

-led a group of slaves in a revolt

-many blacks and whites were killed

-used biblical passages against slavery

-as a result, southerners feared slaves and tightened their hold on their slaves

 

Term
Pidgin
Definition

-beginning in the colonial period

-simplified form of English that African-born slaves in the colonial period used to communicate

Term
African-American Religion
Definition

-mid 1800s

-remnants of African American religion remained b/c before the 1790s whites made few attempts to convert slaves to Christianity

-converted slaves played significant roles in rebellions, so people began to think that a Christian slave was a rebellious slave

-protestant missionaries intensified their efforts among slaves

-urban blacks often had their own churches

-rural blacks attended the same churches as whites (but sat it segregated sections

Term
German Immigration
Definition

-in 1860 there was no German nation

-German immigrants were of all classes and occupations (but most were farmers)

-common language bound them together—lived in the same neighborhoods and never really went outside their neighborhoods

Term
Irish Immigration
Definition

-1845-50 (third wave)

-due to potato famine

-very poor and Catholic

-Irish men dug streets/canals/railroads and women worked as maids and textile workers

-a few struggled up the social ladder

-competed with equally poor free blacks (so there was Irish hostility towards blacks and abolitionists)

Term
Anti-Catholicism
Definition

-mid 1800s

-hostility towards Irish immigrants often took the form of anti-Catholicism among Protestants

                -formed anti-immigration societies

Term
Labor protest
Definition

-mid 1800s

-beginning of strikes in the US, esp among immigrants and labor unions

Term
Immigrant Politics
Definition

-mid 1800s

-many immigrants became politically active

-discovered that urban political organizations could help them find housing and jobs in return for votes

-the Irish and Germans identified with the Democratic party (which seemed more sympathetic to the common people than the Whigs)

 

Term
The Texas Revolution
Definition

-1830s

-Mexico invaded Texas under Santa Anna

-Austin wanted independence

-200 rebels retreated into the Alamo (an abandoned mission)

-Texas declared its independence and the people at the Alamo were killed by Mexican troops

-Mexican troops also massacred Goliad

-Houston (a military leader) was chosen as Texas’s first prez

                -Battle of San Jacinto: his army surprised the Mexican forces and killed half of them, shouting    “Remember the Alamo”

Term
California, New Mexico, and Oregon
Definition

-1840s

-before 1840, people weren’t too interested, but then Americans streamed into the Sacramento Valley

-Oregon was appealing b/c of its abundant farmland

-treaty w/ Britain divided OR at the 49th parallel

Term
The Overland Trails
Definition

-1840s

-4 month trip across unknown land depicted as an Indian killing ground

-to CA and OR

 

Term
Californios
Definition

-CA’s Hispanic population

-felt little allegiance to Mexico

-in the 1840s they had to face a growing number of American settlers

Term
The Election of 1840
Definition

-Harrison (a Whig) won

-Whig majorities in Congress

Term
William Henry Harrison
Definition

-prez 1840

-Whig

-died after a month in office, his successor was Tyler

Term
John Tyler
Definition

-prez 1840

-Harrison’s successor

-VA aristocrat w/ southern appeal

-favored the Democratic philosophy of states’ rights

-wanted to annex Texas, but the Senate turned down the treaty

Term
The Annexation of Texas
Definition

-in 1843 Tyler tried to annex Texas, but the treaty didn’t pass in the Senate

-issue of slavery—will Texas make free or slave states?

-1845: part of Texas annexed

 

Term
Election of 1844
Definition

-Clay (Whig) vs. Polk (Democrat)

-Polk convinced many northerners that the annexation of Texas would benefit them

-Clay was anti-annexation, so many northerners switched to another party

-many Catholic immigrants voted for Polk

-Polk won

Term
James Polk
Definition

-prez 1844

-convinced many northerners that the annexation of Texas would benefit them

Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition

-1840s

-John O’Sullivan came up with the phrase

-advocates used lofty language and invoked God and nature to justify expansion

-most who favored this were Democrats

-northern Whigs thought it was just a mask for trying to spread slavery

-would provide farmers with land and access to foreign markets

-expansionists relied on the technology of industrialization (like telegraph)

-risked war with other nations

-Polk was pro-expansion

-surrounded by Mex and Brit--afraid they would get the land

Term
John O'Sullivan
Definition

-1840s

-New York Democratic journalist

-came up with the phrase Manifest (obvious) Destiny: “our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us”

Term
Mexican-American war
Definition

-1840s

-Mexico crossed the Rio Grande and attacked the US

-Polk used this border incident as a pretext to begin a war to gain more slave territory

-the Whigs couldn’t afford to oppose the war b/c they couldn’t appear unpatriotic

-Mexico was too weak to negotiate, so it decided to fight

-Mexico’s advantages: army 4x bigger than US’s, fighting on home ground

-US’s advantages: superior artillery, logistics, and organization

-Americans, racist against Mexicans, thought they were too weak to fight

-the Mexicans did fight pretty well, but lost

-NM and CA (gained by Fremont) fell easily into American hands

-US took control of Mexico City

-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio Grande border, NM, and CA; US paid Mexico $15 million

-balance of free and slave states got messed up

-US's goal was to get the trading coast (not to "civilize" the Mexicans)

-Mexicans who stayed in CA were discriminated against + lost their rights to own land

Term
The Wilmot Proviso
Definition

-1840s

-David Wilmot wanted Texas to be the last slave state

-amendment: slavery is prohibited in any territory acquired by negotiations

Term
Gold Rush
Definition

-beginning 1848

-people from all over the world flooded to California

-clashes btwn whites, Hispanics, and Chinese

-town of Yerba Buena turned into SF

-free blacks  came and slaves were brought

-whites hated the idea of competing with these groups, so there was violence

Term
Five Civilized Tribes
Definition
-Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles
-early 1800s
-Indian Removal Act passed by Jackson
Term
Cherokees
Definition
-adopted anglo-american culture more than other tribes (written language, written laws, newspaper)
-left their lands without putting up a fight (on the trail of tears)
-suffered the most of any tribe
Term
Choctaws
Definition
-left their land w/o puttin up a fight
-first tribe forced to leave
-today: partenered w/ GM, manufacturing, casinos, tourism, constitution, theme park
Term
Seminoles
Definition
-war to remove them from the FL homeland
-today: gaming, smoke shops, tourism, trad med and housing still
-only tribe that refused to sign treaties
-"unconquered tribe"
Term
Chickasaws
Definition
-left homeland peacefully w/ treaty (had lots of land)
-today: sell tax-free gas, democratic gov't w/ constitution + 3 branches, construction, ag, casinos
Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition
1803
Term
Oregon country negotiation
Definition
1845
Term
Mexican cession
Definition
1848
Term
Gadsden purchase
Definition
1853
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