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History of Psychology Cpt 2 vocab
Chapter 2 vocab
47
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/29/2011

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Term
active reason
Definition
In Aristotle, pure actuality that enables knowledge of universals and first principles
Term
animal spirits
Definition
According to Alcmaeon, the material carriers of nerve impulses.
Term
animism
Definition
the belief in immaterial spirits or souls
Term
being vs. becoming
Definition
the contrast between the view that reality is unchanging (held by Parmenides) and the view that it is constantly changing (held by Heraclitus).
Term
common sense
Definition
According to Aristotle, the faculty that combines information from the special senses into unified perception.
Term
common sensibles
Definition
According to Aristotle, properties that can be discriminated by more than one sense (e.g., movement can be discriminated by both sight and touch).
Term
dialectic method
Definition
a method of argument involving the systematic exploration of arguments for and against opposing positions.
Term
dualism
Definition
the view that the psyche (or soul or mind) and material body are distinct entities.
Term
efficient cause
Definition
the agency responsible for an existent
Term
eidola
Definition
Faint copies of physical objects that some early Greek theorists such as Empedocles and Democritus believed emanated from physical objects and explained our perception of them.
Term
Eleatic school
Definition
The group of early Greek formalist theorists associated with Elea in southern Italy, whose members included Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, and Xenophanes.
Term
entelechy
Definition
According to Aristotle, the process by which what is merely potential becomes actual, through the realization of its form (e.g., the embryo developing into a chick)
Term
final cause
Definition
the end or function or purpose for which something exists.
Term
formal cause
Definition
teh essential form of an existent.
Term
formalism
Definition
the view that the universe is best explained in terms of formal or mathematical relations.
Term
Forms, theory of
Definition
In Plato, the theory that ultimate reality is constituted by abstract ideas or Forms, in which concrete physical particulars derivatively "participate"
Term
four causes
Definition
According to Aristotle, the material, formal, efficient, and final causes of an existent.
Term
four humors
Definition
According to Hippocrates, the bodily substances that are formed from the four elements of Empedocles. Yellow bile is formed from air, blood from fire, black bile from earth, and phlegm from water. He maintained that health derived from the proper balance of these humors, and disease from their imbalance.
Term
functionalism
Definition
Theory in which mental states are conceived of as internal states of an organism that are caused by environmental stimuli and that in turn cause other mental states and behavior.
Term
great chain of being
Definition
the term used by the historian of ideas Arthur Lovejoy to describe hierarchical conceptions of nature such as Aristotle's scala naturae.
Term
holistic medicine
Definition
A form of medicine that emphasizes the natural healing power of the body and treats physical and psychological disorders as disorders of the whole body.
Term
hylomorphism
Definition
Aristotle's view that substances are constituted by matter (hule) with substantial form (morphe)
Term
induction by enumeration
Definition
Generalization on the basis of observed instances. For example, generalization to "All A's are B's" on the basis of observed instances of A's that are B's.
Term
Ionian School
Definition
the group of early Greek naturalistic theorists associated with the ___ federation of city-states, whose members included Thales and Anaximenes.
Term
material cause
Definition
the material in which an extant is realized
Term
multiple realizability
Definition
the capacity of functionally defined entities or properties to be realized in a variety of different material systems.
Term
naturalism
Definition
the view that the universe is best explained in terms of material elements and processes.
Term
nutritive psyche
Definition
According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of plants.
Term
passive reason
Definition
According to Aristotle, the faculty responsible for the apprehension of universals and comprehension of first principles.
Term
physis
Definition
the Greek word for the fundamental element(s) (from which the term physics is derived)
Term
primary qualities
Definition
Qualities that physical objects have independently of our perception of them, such as size, shape, and motion.
Term
psyche
Definition
the Greek term usually translated as "soul", but without any presumed reference to an immaterial entity.
Term
rational psyche
Definition
According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of human beings.
Term
recollection, theory of
Definition
According to Plato, knowledge is a form of remembrance of knowledge possessed by the immortal immaterial psyche, but temporarily forgotten with each cycle of reincarnation.
Term
reductio ad absurdum argument
Definition
An argument that purports to demonstrate the falsity of assumptions by demonstrating that they lead to false or absurd consequences.
Term
relativism
Definition
Theory that truth is relative to what any individual perceives or judges to be the case.
Term
scala naturae
Definition
Aristotle's hierarchical conception of nature, ranging from prime matter (pure potentiality) through increasing complex levels of natural substances to the unmoved mover (pure actuality)
Term
secondary qualities
Definition
qualities that are merely the effects that physical objects produce in the sense organs of sentient beings, such as color, taste, and smell.
Term
sensitive psyche
Definition
According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of animals.
Term
Sophists
Definition
Professional teachers of rhetoric and logic in ancient Greece.
Term
special sensibles
Definition
According to Aristotle, the special objects of the individual senses, discernible by those senses alone (e.g., color is the special object of sight)
Term
teleological science
Definition
form of science that employs explanations in terms of ends or goal states.
Term
extrinsic teleology
Definition
ends or purposes of a separate being (such as God)
Term
intrinsic teleology
Definition
ends or purposes inherent in natural processes.
Term
temple medicine
Definition
an early form of Greek medicine based upon religious beliefs and mystical practices.
Term
universal
Definition
Common property of a class of particulars (e.g., redness, the common property of red things)
Term
unmoved mover
Definition
According to Aristotle, the first cause or principle that is pure form and pure actuality, responsible for the actualization of all things.
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