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History of Americas
Horlor What what in the butt!
37
History
Undergraduate 2
10/29/2008

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Term
Diego Velazquez
Definition
Spanish painter
Term
Plateresque
Definition
15th and 16th art form that is characterized by its ornateness. 
Term

Conversos

Definition

Spanish or Portuguese for convert.

Both Christians and Jews called them tornadizo (renegade), and laws were passed during the reigns of Jaime I, Alfonso X and Juan I forbidding the use of this epithet

Term
The Catholic Sovereigns
Definition

Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand

Their marriage and subsequent ascension to the throne served to unite Spain.

Term
Las Navas de Tolosa
Definition

Major turning Point in history of Iberia.

The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal in battle against the Berber Muslim Almohad rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.

gave momentum to Christian reconquest.

Term
El cid
Definition

Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar  a Castilian nobleman, military leader and gifted diplomat, who after being exiled, conquered and governed the city of Valencia. Rodrigo Díaz was educated in the royal court of Castile and became chief general, of Alfonso VI, and his most valuable asset in the fight against the Moors.

Term
Mozarabes
Definition
Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish Muslim rule in Al-Andalus. Their descendants remained unconverted to Islam, but did however adopt elements of Arabic language and culture.
Term
Caliphate of Córdoba
Definition
ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Iberia were constructed in this period. The title Caliph was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba. 
Term
Roderic
Definition
the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths." In fact he is an extremely obscure figure about which little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.
Term
Piri Reis
Definition
was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral, geographer and cartographer born in Turkey.

He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book which contains detailed information on navigation as well as extremely accurate charts describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. The most surprising aspect was the presence of the Americas on an Ottoman map, making it the first Turkish map ever drawn of the Americas.

Term
Ptolemy
Definition
was an ancient Roman mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer. He lived in Roman Egypt, and was probably born there in a town in the Thebaid called ; he died in Alexandria around 168 AD.

 was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which would be of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. his day.

Term
mehmed the II
Definition
"the Conqueror", was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire. From this point onward, he claimed the title of Caesar in addition to his other titles.
Term
quipu
Definition
 were recording devices used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region. A quipu usually consisted of colored spun and plied thread or strings from llama or alpaca hair. It also consisted of cotton cords with numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base 10 positional system. Quipus may have just a few strands, but some have up to 2,000 strands.
Term
mesta
Definition
was a powerful association of sheep holders in the medieval Kingdom of Castile.

The no-mans-land between Christian Spain and Moorish-occupied Spain was too insecure for arable farming and was only exploited by shepherds. The Mesta can be regarded as the first, and most powerful, agricultural union in mediaeval Europe.

Term
mamacuna
Definition
 was, in the Inca mythology, the sum sacerdotiza that imprisoned and watched to the Acllas, Princesses or Virgins of the Sun during the Inca Empire so that were dedicated to their religious duty. 
Term
Chavin
Definition
an early civilization that existed in present-day Peru. The Chavin culture significantly predates the Incas and is believed to have a timespan equivalent to Ancient Egypt and the Babylonians. The Early Horizon civilization is believed to have developed around 900 BC and died out around 200 BC according to Edward Lanning. After the Norte Chico civilization, the Chavíns laid the cultural foundation for the other Peruvian civilizations to come.
Term
Historiography
Definition
study of the processes by which historical knowledge is obtained and transmitted.  Examines the writing of history and methods.  Drawing upon authorship, sourcing, interpretaion, style, bias, and audiences.
Term
Presentism
Definition
 a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas and pespectives are anachronistically introduced into depictions or interpretaions of the past.  Creates a distorted understanding of the subject matter.  Distorts history to validate beliefs
Term
cultural diffusion
Definition
used in cultural anthropology and cultural geography to describe the spread of cultural items such as beliefs, style, languages, etc.  First conceptualized by a Alfred L. Kroeber in Stimuls Diffusion. It is well attested and uncontrovesial phenomenon. 
Term
Transculturation
Definition

term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.

different phases in the process of transition from one culture to another.  Not just the accrual of another culture or the loss of one. 

Term
Primary source
Definition

A document, recording or other source of information (paper, picture,etc.) that was created at the time being studied, by an authoritative source, usually one with direct personal knowledge of the events being described. It is an original source of infor about the topic.

Term
William T. Denevan  ????
Definition
Author of the Native population of the americas in 1492
Term
Tlili Tlapali
Definition
"the land of black and red, of wisdom" was the middle realm of heaven and was reserved for those who understood Quetzalcoatle's wisdom
Term
Tom Dillehay
Definition
American Anthropologist.  Involved in excavations at monte verdee in chile where human remains from12500 years ago have found, challenging the clovis theory of human arrival to the americas
Term
Shaman
Definition
practioner of a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world. 
Term
La venta
Definition
A Precolumbian archaeologial site of the olmec civilization located in the pesent day mexican state tabasco.
Term
Ollama
Definition
a ball game played in a few communities in in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.  Descended from the aztec version of the mesoamerican ball.  Oldest game sport in the world, oldesst known game using a rubber ball. 
Term
Tlaloc
Definition
in Aztec religion, a god of rain, fertility, and water. He was a beneficent god who gave life and sustenance, but he was also feared for his ability to send hail, thunder and lightning, and for being the lord of the powerful element of water. In Aztec iconography he is normally depicted with goggle eyes and fangs.  demanded child sacrifices.
Term
Copan
Definition
near Guatemalan border.  site of major maya kingdom.
Term
Chichen Itza
Definition

built by Maya in the center of the yucatan peninsula, present day mexico. 

major regional focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period.

Term
Chichimecs
Definition
name that nahuas generically applied to a wide range of semi nomadic people who inhabited the nort of modern day mexico, and carried the same sense of the European ter "barbarian."
Term
Mexica
Definition
indigenous people of the valley of mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire.
Term
The Triple Alliance (members and formation)
Definition

Tenochtitlan, texcoco, tlacopan

Formed by Itzcoatl of Tenochtitlan, Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, and the smaller city-state of Tlacopan in 1428

Term
Triple Alliance (brief history)
Definition

ruled the area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until they were defeated by the Spanish conquistadores and their native allies under Hernán Cortés in 1521.

At its height, the Alliance controlled most of central Mexico from coast to coast, except for Tlaxcalteca. It was the Tlaxcalans who allied with Cortés in 1521 to ultimately destroy the Alliance.

Term
Nezahualcoyotl
Definition
meaning "Coyote in fast" was ruler of the city-state of Texcoco. not a Mexica; his people were the Acolhua.

 May have been something of a monotheist.  The roof of this shrine was gem-encrusted and no human sacrifices were permitted, only the offering of flowers and incense. Some researchers, however, believe that Ixtlilxochitl and Pomar were attempting to cast Nezahualcoyotl in a light more favorable to the Spanish colonial authorities.

Term
Caliphate of Cordoba (who they were)
Definition
All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, although it was practically finished in 1010 with the civil war which started between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister Almansur or Almanzor. The Caliphate was also probably exhausted by its expensive military efforts. However, it officially existed until 1031, when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas.
Term
Xochiyaoyotl
Definition
 flower war or flowery war is the name given to the battles fought between the Aztec Triple Alliance and some of their enemies: most notably the city-states of Tlaxcala, Huexotzinco, Atlixco and Cholula.
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