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History 321 Final
Early Modern Europe
52
History
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2012

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Cards

Term
Plains of Abraham
Definition
Historic area in Quebec known for its battle between British and French in 1759.
Term
Spirit of the Laws
Definition
Political theory published by Montesquieu in 1748, was French.
Term
Charles II
Definition
Came back to throne of England, did away with parliament meeting every 3 years. Also favored religious toleration. Also passed Decleration of Indulgence.
Term
Thomas Newcomer
Definition

Built steam engine in 18th century. Could be used in mines to pump water out of mines.

 

Term

Great Northern War

 

Definition
War that lasted 21 years
Term
John Locke
Definition
Major part of enlightment, came up with the idea of the tabularosa.
Term
D'Alembert
Definition
Helped write encyclopedia in 1772.
Term
Pragmatic Sanction
Definition
Designed to ensure that Austrian throne would be inherited by Maria Theresa.
Term
William Pitt
Definition
Also know as the elder. Was British secretary of state in 1750's, wanted to make French fight 2 wars, sent 40,000 troops to America.
Term
Cardinal Fleury
Definition
French Cardinal who served as chief minister of Louis XV.
Term
Treaty of Aix la Chappelle
Definition
Was truce between British and French during the War of the Austrian Sucession. passed in 1740's
Term
Spinning Jenny
Definition
Created by Hargreaves in 1760's, reduced the amount of work needed to make yarn. 
Term
Walpole
Definition
Was regarded as first Prime minister of Great Britain
Term
Turnip Townsend
Definition
Was a British secretary of state, had strong interest for planting turnips.
Term
enclosure
Definition
Drastic change that led to social issues. Landowners began to realize they could make more money by enclosing the fields. Simply just plant wheat led to 5 men who lease strips of land. Done through use of enclosure acts. 
Term
Josiah Wedgewood
Definition
Known as first person to really use advertising. Created China for kings and parliament and once they bought in the middle class wanted some so he made a cheaper version. 
Term
Henry Cort
Definition
Pattened the puddling process in 1783.
Term
Urban Riot
Definition
Take old bread and sell it at old price back to baker. 
Term
Tabula Rosa
Definition
Idea created by John Locke that everyone was born with a "blank slate" and your expieriences early on shaped what kind of person you were. 
Term
Print Culture
Definition
Happened in France in 18th century, when literature became more important and more books, magazines, and newspapers were writtien, ideas started being communicated through the written word, people began reading less religious works to read other works. 
Term
Salons
Definition
became popular in France during enlightment in 17th and 18th centuries where people would meet under one roof to discuss ideas. 
Term
Cesare Beccaria
Definition
known for treatise on Crimes and Punishments in 1764.
Term
Psysiocrats
Definition
believed wealth of nations derived from land agriculture.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
known as father of economics, wrote Wealth of Nations in 1776.
Term
Social Contract
Definition
Written by Rousseau in 1762 about how to set up a political community
Term
ghetto
Definition
known as jewish settlement on countryside.
Term
Yorkshire movement association
Definition
 in 1779 Wyvill was appointed chairman of this association.
Term
Treaty of Paris 
Definition
singed in 1763, gave Britain all of Canda, Ohio River Valley, and all land east of Mississippi river. Gave French sugar islands. Ended the seven years war.
Term
Quebec Act
Definition
All of Ohio River Valley in America becomes Quebec. Americans were mad because they thought that America was being given back to Catholics. 
Term
asiento
Definition
right to send slave ships to 2 spanish colonies and to have one merchant ship in Spanish market, but Americans took advantage of this.  
Term
James Watt
Definition
Messed around with Newcomen Engine and made it more efficient. Called it Watts Steam engine.
Term
James Hargreaves
Definition
Created Spinning Jenny in 1760's reduced the amount of work needed to make yarn.
Term
banalites
Definition
a percentage tax paid to landlords mill when grain was grinded.
Term
Higglers
Definition
took poached into city to sell it to poultres and they would sell it to black market. 
Term
Philosophes
Definition
most were from middle class, part of 18th century enlightment, tried to reason everything.
Term
Encyclopedia
Definition
Written by Diderot and D'alembert in 1772. Consisted of 78 volumes, Geoffrin paid for it.
Term
Deism
Definition
Idea that since nature was rational, God was rational and therefore, religion should be rational and God would reward those who lived rationally, also God did not get involved with human affairs he just created the Earth and sat back and watched. 
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
Contributed to the Spirit of the Laws.
Term
Rousseau
Definition
wrote the Social Contract in 1762.
Term
Marie Geoffrin
Definition
known as godmother of encyclopedia, married at 15 to a traditonal marraige. when her husband died she used expenses to pay the writers of the Encyclopedia. Become very respected in 18th century.
Term
Enlightened Despotism
Definition
form of absolute monarcy in which rulers are influenced by the enlightment. Fostered arts, sciences, and education.
Term
Silesia
Definition
Was owned by Austria but Fredrick the II took over breaking the Pragmatic Sanction and starting the war of the Austrian Succession. 
Term
Council of the Indies
Definition
Nominated to the viceroy for each one.
Term
Casa de Contratacion
Definition
government agency under Spanish Empire that tried to control all Spanish exploration and colonization in 16th-18th centuries.
Term
Audiencia
Definition
was a appellate court in Spain and its empire. 
Term
War of Jenkins Ear
Definition
Between Spanish and English, Jenkins had his ear cut off when he tried to stop a search of his ship, kept his ear in a jar of brandy to preserve it and used it to talk bad about the Spanish. Seven years later walked into meeting with parliament and demanded a war with the Spanish. War lasted over 70 years.
Term
plantations
Definition
where crops are grown 
Term
What is family economy? What was the role of women in family economy?
Definition
was an economic unit in pre-industrial times where technology was limited and unchaning. Most economic activity took place within the household. Family played a central role in society at the time becuase your economic and social status were defined by birth, family ties, and local custom. Many children were born to work on farms and plantations and crops were grown not only to sell but to eat as well. High fertility and guranteed employment made education seem very unimportant at the time. Women had a role of having these children and staying home and taking care of them, were as the male figures of the family did most of the labor outside of the home. 
Term
How was the Hohenzollern family able to forge a conglomerate of diverse land holdings into the state of Prussia?
Definition
It is a question of scale, the Hapsburgs controlled Austria under Charles V as well as Hungary, Spain, and the New World as well as other territories. They were also involved in European diplomacy and related by marraige to most of the royal houses of Europe. Henry VIII's wife was a Hapsburg. Prussia was at best a regional power and was dependent on its army and statemen. 
Term
What are the fundamental ideas of the Mercantile Theory?
Definition
The idea of entering into commercial ventures with private properties, of wealthy nobles or merchants, backed by private banks. This provided both working capital and an income source to which the royal houses had relatively free access. The British and Dutch were involved in this more than anyone else. The British may have been most sucessful because they had the British East India Company, which at it's height had more income, subjects, and a larger budget than the British state itself. 
Term
What were the conflicts of the seven years war?
Definition
The Seven years was was a major conflict, on one side you had King Louis XV trying to relive the glory days in France of King Louis XIV and you had Prussia and Fredrick the II on the other side backed by the British gold provided by William Pitt. Fredrick II or Prussia took over Austria and broke the pragmatic sanction. Maria Theresa declared war on Prussia  It was also the result of trading rights, the British needed to expand by entering into the Ohio Valley, but this was controlled by France. 
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