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History 10
Exam 1
40
History
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
John Locke
Definition

Wrote the treaty of government, social contract between king and people.

 

Gov is an employee of society, not their master

 

life, liberty and free enjoyment of property

Term
Voltaire
Definition

rich have to much power

superiority/hierarchy is wrong

jailed twice

disbeliefs in religion

attacks church for monachy

encourages to not believe in religion

reason > religion

 

Term
The Sadler Report
Definition

The Sadler Report requires no comment; it speaks for itself. The selection included here was picked almost at random from a bulky volume of testimony provided by hundreds of witnesses. Although these witnesses were presumably selected with some care, their accounts provide a generally accurate picture of the conditions of many factory workers, children in particular, in early nineteenth-century England.


1823

Term
Nicolas Copernicas
Definition
Catholic priest born in Poland, educated in italy. Nicolas challenged the theory that the sun went around the earth, saying that it false. He was afraid that the church might punch him so he never spoke out, only wrote it down and spoke about it after he was on his death bed.
Term
Factory Act of 1833
Definition

In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible. The basic act was as follows:

  • No child workers under nine years of age
  • Employers must have an age certificate for their child workers
  • Children of 9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day
  • Children of 13-18 years to work no more than 12 hours a day
  • Children are not to work at night
  • Two hours schooling each day for children
  • Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law.
Term
Robert Owen
Definition

"He organised infants schools. He secured the reduction of the hours of labour for women and children in factories. He was a liberal supporter of the earliest efforts to obtain national education. He laboured to promote international arbitration. He was one of the foremost Britons who taught men to aspire to a higher social state by reconciling the interests of capital and labour. He spent his life and a large fortune in seeking to improve his fellowmen by giving them education, self-reliance, and moral worth. His life was sanctified by human affection and lofty effort".

Term
Thomas Robert Malthus
Definition
Malthus was interested in everything about populations. He accumulated figures on births, deaths, age of marriage and childbearing, and economic factors contributing to longevity. His main contribution was to highlight the relationship between food supply and population. Humans do not overpopulate to the point of starvation, he contended, only because people change their behavior in the face of economic incentives.
Term
The Communist Manifesto
Definition

The Communist Manifesto has four sections. In the first section, it discusses the Communists' theory of history and the relationship between proletarians and bourgeoisie. The second section explains the relationship between the Communists and the proletarians. The third section addresses the flaws in other, previous socialist literature. The final section discusses the relationship between the Communists and other parties.

 

The Communist Manifesto reflects an attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. Class relationships are defined by an era's means of production. However, eventually these relationships cease to be compatible with the developing forces of production. At this point, a revolution occurs and a new class emerges as the ruling one. This process represents the "march of history" as driven by larger economic forces.

Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition

The Congress of Vienna was held from September of 1814 to June of 1815. After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, this international conference was called to create a balance among the European powers in such a way so as to prevent future wars and maintain peace and stability on the European continent. The means of achieving this goal would be through a major reshaping of European interior borders.


 

France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon.  The French monarchy was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.  Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardy and Venice).  Russia got Finland and control over the new kingdom of Poland.  Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province.  Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas. The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.  Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler.  Switzerland was declared neutral and Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII

 

The goal of the congress was to re-establish a balance of power among the countries of Europe and have peace between the nations. The Congress proved to be highly successful in achieving its goal, for the peace in Europe was left almost undisturbed for nearly 40 years.

Term
Declaration of Independence
Definition

the proclamation made by the second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain

 

Thomas Jefferson primary author.

 

pursuit of happiness and liberty for all.

Term
The Constitution
Definition
The members of the Constitutional Convention signed the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Constitutional Convention convened in response to dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation and the need for a strong centralized government. After four months of secret debate and many compromises, the proposed Constitution was submitted to the states for approval. Although the vote was close in some states, the Constitution was eventually ratified and the new Federal government came into existence in 1789. The Constitution established the U.S. government as it exists today.
Term
The declaration of Rights of man
Definition
Term
Galileo
Definition
Re-enforced what Capernicas had proven. As a catholic Galileo got in trouble, was told he would be punished if he printed his papers. In 1993, the church announced that Galileo's idea was infact correct.
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
He began writting the declaration of independence. On July 4th all signed the DOI. Also, was the 3rd president of the US.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
considered founder of modern economics. 1776, wrote a book called WEALTH OF NATIONS, were he says there should be no limit on free trade. meaning do and make what you want. believes in buy according to supply and demand.
Term
KARL MARX
Definition
A German Jew, became a non-believer because he knew that as a jew he wasnt going to move foward, had little faith in those who ran businesses, wanted workers to run the business.
Term
Proletariat
Definition
erm used to identify a lower social class, usually theworking class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their children.
Term
Isaac Newton
Definition
British scientist developed the ideas of law and gravity. For every action there is an equal reaction.
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
believed that the sun went around the earth.
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
chief justicein local courts in France. Believes a republic will be more affective for small countries.
Term
Toussaint Overture
Definition
Black slave from haiti who taught himself how to read and write. Wrote the constitution for Haiti, and wrote he will be govern general for haiti and will make his own laws. They were the first after the US to get their freedom from the french.
Term
Industrail Revolution
Definition
Started in the 1760's. Changes from Hand-made work to machine work. It changed the pattern of work. Provide a financial gain and a higher standard of living. It reduced proverty for many ppl. England had many advantages over the other countries.1) Good gov't.2)free trade 3)experianced business class 4) ship goods by water 5) Had tax within counrty 6) better transportation. 
Term
Laissez-Faire
Definition
non-influenced by the government. is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffsgovernment subsidies, and enforced monopolies.
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
Ppl believed that the sun went around the earth, Until proven otherwse.
Copernicus had little direct evidence to support his claims. Not ready to abandon traditional beliefs, the forces of tradition, in the form of the Church and the mass of Europeans, kept the heliocentric theory from achieving full acceptance. The theory awaited the advancement of mathematics and physics to support its claims. 
Term
The American and French Revolution
Definition
The war between the American colonies and Great Britain (1775-1783), leading to the formation of the independent United States.
Term
THE LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Definition

Latin American wars of independence, the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revolutionary wars against European colonial rule that led to the independence of the Latin American state. Any of the other revolutions and rebellions that have taken place in Latin America during and since European colonial rule, but especially those in the twentieth century.

 
Term
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Definition
The "Enlightenment" was not a single movement or school of thought, for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of values. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science.
Term
BOURGEOISIE
Definition

 the bourgeoisie is a social class characterized by their ownership ofcapital and their related culture. A member of the bourgeoisie is a bourgeois or capitalist (plural: bourgeois; capitalists). Marxismdefines the bourgeoisie as the social class that owns the means of production in a capitalist society. Marxists view the bourgeoisie as emerging from the wealthy urban classes in pre- and early capitalist societies.

 
Term
JAMES WATT
Definition
inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.
Term
LOWELL GIRLS
Definition
"Lowell Mill Girls" was the name used for female textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 19th century. The Lowell textile mills employed a workforce which was about three quarters female; this characteristic (unique at the time) caused two social effects: a close examination of the women's moral behavior, and a form of labor agitation.
Term
ELI WHITNEY
Definition
an American inventor best known as the inventor of the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolutionand shaped the economy of the antebellum South.[1] Whitney's invention made short staple cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost his profits in legal battles over patent infringement, closed his business, and nearly filed bankruptcy.
Term
THOMAS PAINE
Definition
 was an authorpamphleteerradicalinventorintellectualrevolutionary, and one of theFounding Fathers of the United States.[2][3] He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."[4]
Term
GEORGE STEPHENSON
Definition
was an English civil engineerand mechanical engineer who built the first public railway line in the world to usesteam locomotives, and he is renowned as being the "Father of Railways". TheVictorians considered him a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement, with self-help advocate Samuel Smiles particularly praising his achievements.
Term
ADVANTAGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Definition
The world began to go to at a faster pace.
There was a lot of mass production going on.
There were more facilities for people. 
More people had jobs.
People went more rich.
There were cheap things in great quantity
There was more to do than do sit around the house doing nothing.
You didn't do all the work yourself.
Term
DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUION
Definition
Children had to work.
More people died.
Earth got polluted.
Children risked their lives every day.
There was no more craftsmanship.
People lost their land.
Some people went poor.
People had to migrate to cities.
These are some of them. There are many more but I think that the world is a more facilitated place so all this was worth it.
Term
Why was great britain the first successful industrial counrty?
Definition
England alone did not become the first industrialized nation although Great Britain of which it is part did. The first of the British nations where more than 50% of the population worked in industry was actually thought to be Wales. Wales had a very small population before industrialization which grew dramatically during due to the coal in the South. 
Term
why was there a struggle between the rich and the poor and what did some of the philosophers argue about whos fault was it about poverty?
Definition
They blamed the governtmetn for poverty. Also, they blamed the business owners for poverty.
Term
socialism
Definition
Dont need a revolution to change something. Change should be make gradually overtime. Unions began to form. coudn't go on strike but willing to sit with boss and negotiate. 
Term
communism
Definition
Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless societystructured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, the end of wage labour and private property in the means of production and real estate.
Term
capitalism
Definition

Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately ownedand operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the free market; profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses, and wages are paid to workers employed by businesses and companies.

 
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