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One of the five orders of classical architecture, which also include: Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The Doric order was developed in Greece and adopted by the Romans. Identifying features include columns that are stouter than the other orders, often 6 to 7 times as tall as the diameter at the base. In Greece Doric columns rested directly on the floor without the benefit of a pedestal or base moulding. Roman Doric columns tend to be slimmer and sit upon an Attic base. The Doric entablature is characterized by the triglyphs and metopes. |
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One of five orders of classical architecture, the others being: Tuscan, Doric, Corinthian and Composite. The Ionic and Doric styles were widely used in ancient Greece and later adopted by the Romans. Ionic columns are characterized by volutes in the capital. |
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One of the five orders of classical architecture. Typically, Corinthian columns are slender and fluted. Their capitals are bell-shaped and ornately decorated with acanthus leaves. |
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One of the five orders of classical architecture. The Tuscan order was developed in Rome and does not appear in ancient Greece. Added to the classical orders by Renaissance architectural scholars who felt that the Tuscan order predates the Greek Doric and Ionic. Tuscan colums are unfluted with a simple base and unadorned capital and entablature. |
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- a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order
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- A vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.
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- forms the crowning member of a column or a pilaster. The capital projects on each side as it rises, in order to support the abacus and unite the form of the latter (normally square) with the circular shaft of the column. The bulk of the capital may either be convex, as in the Doric order; concave, as in the inverted bell of the Corinthian order; or scrolling out, as in the Ionic order.
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- the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain or – in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs. In an astylar wall it lies upon the architrave ('main beam') and is capped by the moldings of the cornice.
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- comes from Italian cornice, meaning “ledge.
- generally any horizontal decorative molding which crowns any building or furniture element
- function of the projecting cornice is to throw rainwater free of the building’s walls.
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- a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns.
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- a specifically Greek invention, without detectable earlier inspiration
- curved, tapered legs of the klismos chair sweep forward and rearward, offering stability
- rear legs sweep continuously upward to support a wide concave backrest like a curved tablet, which supports the sitter's shoulders
- the seat was built of four wooden turned staves, morticed into the legs; a web of cording or leather strips supported a cushion or a pelt.
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- A semicircular arch. If built of stone, all units are wedge-shaped; the usual arch in Roman architecture.
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- formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance.
- curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design.
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- A courtyard or patio surrounded by a house. May be open to the outside or be roofed with skylights to admit natural light; typically contains plants. Also, an open area in the center of a multistory building that extends to the top of the building. Rooms on the upper floors are commonly accessed by balcony-type corridors overlooking the atrium.
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- Correct classical proportions as recorded by Vitruvius
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- The circular opening at the top of a dome; derived from the Latin word for "eye."
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- steep arched opening with a pointed center and gradual curve, no keystone used
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- Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross (or "cruciform") plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery. There are several regional variations on this plan.
The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double. The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestorey windows which light the central space. |
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- A row of windows set along the upper part of a wall, especially in a church.
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- Colored windows of Gothic cathedrals made from a combination of many pieces of colored and semi-transparent white glass joined together with lead strips.
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- The curvilinear openwork shapes of stone or wood creating a pattern within the upper part of a Gothic window; or similar patterns applied to walls or panels.
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- A free-standing buttress attached to the main nave, choir, or transept wall by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress attached to the outer wall of the aisle. This buttress is a mass of masonry or brickwork used as a support or brace counteracting the outward thrust of the arch or vault, which is caused by the heavy stone roof of a Gothic Cathedral.
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Renaissance (Definition, Time Period & Characteristics) |
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- a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
- its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry.
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Baroque (Definition, Time Period & Characteristics) |
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- The seventeenth-century period in Europe characterized in the visual arts by dramatic light and shade, turbulent composition, and exaggerated emotional expression.
- The style is characterized by sweeping curves, dramatic scale, and a general effect of fantastic opulence.
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A casement window (or casement) is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges.[1] Casement windows typically are hinged at the side, sometimes at the top or bottom. |
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Late Medieval Design Characteristic |
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- constructed of stone, brick, or timber
- small casement windows made with leaded glass panes
- often featured an overhang or jetty at each story
- roofs were frequently thatched with bundles of reeds attached to the roof timbers and shaped and cut into smooth rounded curves
- slate roofs made of thin, flat pieces of stone fashioned into shingles
- wooden shingles also used for roof in some areas
- the English version of this style referred to as Tudor, because this type of building was common during the rign of the Tudor kings and queens
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A European decorating style using Chinese and other "oriental" ornamentation, most fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries. |
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Savonarola or Dante Chairs |
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A type of folding chair with a frame like an X viewed from the front or the side originated in medieval Italy. Also known as a Savonarola or Dante chair in Italy, or a Luther chair in Germany, the X-chair was a light and practical form that spread through Renaissance Europe. In England, the Glastonbury chair made an X-shape by crossing the front and back legs, while in Spain X-chairs were inlaid with ivory and metals in the Moorish designs. |
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Decorative spindles formed by turning a piece of wood on a lathe and cutting designs into the wood with a sharp knife or chisel as the piece spins. |
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Supports between legs of chairs, tables or benches |
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Queen Anne (Basic Characteristics) |
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- A whimsical style of architecture that reached its zenith in the late nineteenth century, characterized by playful detail and a host of ornaments.
- name given to furniture styles popularized during the reign of England's Queen Anne (1702-1714), including the cabriole leg with spoon foot, shell carvings, and splat chair backs.
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- A backsplat in the shape of a violin (fiddle) that is typically seen on Queen Anne chairs.
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- carved wood furniture leg curving outward at the knee and tapering inward at the ankle, resembling an animal's hip, thigh and ankle, often finished with a claw foot or rounded pad
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This late Baroque (c. 1715-1775) style used in interior decoration and painting was characteristically playful, pretty, romantic, and visually loose or soft; it used small scale and ornate decoration, pastel colors, and asymmetrical arrangement of curves. Rococo was popular in France and southern Germany in the 18th century. |
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- Furniture term for a thick, slightly pointed foot commonly found on cabriole legs. In America, seen on some New York Queen Anne-style chairs, but also used in Britain.
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- An upholstered chair with a high back, stuffed arms and wing-shaped projectors at head level.
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- A furniture term, probably of American origin, now used to describe a dressing table or side table usually on cabriole legs.
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- A tall chest of drawers, developed in 18th century. Usually composed of a base and a top section with drawers, often topped with a decorative broken pediment crown.
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Georgian Period (Definition, Time Period & Characteristics) |
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- The prevailing style of English architecture during the reigns of George I, II, and III (1714- 1820), based on the principles of the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The style was transported to England by Inigo Jones and Sir Christopher Wren. It became the prototype for the colonial style in America.
- In America, Early Georgian style is since 1727. An elegant design, evolved heavier and increasingly ornate than earlier Queen Anne forms. Characteristics include diverse decoration ornate carvings, highly carved cabriole legs with ball and claw feet, and open back splats. Popular theme elements were eagle and lion heads and claws, leaves and satyr mask.
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- Thomas Chippendale (Otley, near Leeds baptised 16 June [O.S. 5 June] 1718 - November 1779) [1] was a London cabinet-maker and furniture designer in the mid-Georgian, English Rococo, and Neoclassical styles.
- The Chippendale style can be classified into three types: French influence, Chinese influence and Gothic influence. In the United States, the Chippendale style was a more elaborate development of the Queen Anne style with cabriole legs, ball-and-claw foot, and broken pediment scroll top on tall case pieces.
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- Open or pierced wood carving with an oriental influence, used as a decorative element in Chippendale and Chippendale-style furnishings.
- Patterns of flat interlocking bands or trelliswork.
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- A chair back which has horizontal cross rails or slats that resemble a ladder.
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- A heavy strait leg used by Chippendale and others.
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- 18th-century style with a distinctive triple-curved (camel back) frame with a raised central curve along the back. Often used on sofa and chair backs with a pierced-shield design and anthemion or honeysuckle vine extending from the seat to the highest curve
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Robert Adam (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. |
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- “new” classicism movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neoclassicism was inspired by the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome, and the classical ideals of harmony, idealized realism, clarity, and reason are all generally found in examples of neoclassical architecture, painting, and sculpture.
- period in America influenced by the excavations of Pompeii.
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- (d. 1786) an important English furniture designer who produced a series of drawings published as The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Guide.
- He was one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Sheraton and Thomas Chippendale.
- he gave his name to a distinctive style of light, elegant furniture that was fashionable between about 1775 and 1800.
- One characteristic that is seen in many of his designs, but not all of them, is a shield-shaped chair back, where an expansive shield appeared in place of a narrower splat design.
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- Thomas Sheraton (1751 - October 22, 1806) was a furniture designer, one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Chippendale and George Hepplewhite.
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 - Columns formed with channels and ridges.
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- A chair back used by Hepplewhite and Sheraton that resembles a shield, the outlines of which are formed by a double curved top rail with a half ellipse below.
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- A square, tapering foot used in furniture design.
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- A sideboard is an item of furniture traditionally used in the dining room for serving food, for displaying serving dishes such as silver, and for storage. It usually consists of a set of cabinets, or cupboards, and one or more drawers, all topped by a flat display surface for conveniently holding food, serving dishes, and even lighting devices. The overall height of the tops of most sideboards is approximately waist level.
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- A small table with drop-leaf sides and drawer end. Named for Enlands Earl of Pembroke around 1771.
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- a style of wooden chair, esp. popular in 18th century England and America, with spreading legs, a back of spindles, and usually a saddle seat
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Furniture style design combining functionality and beauty and made by Shakers. This style characterized by no decorations with spare, elegant lines, straight, tapered legs, and woven-strap seats as shown in the tall, slim Shaker ladder-back chair. Shakers were founded in the 18th century American as a communal, religious sect, whose namesake was derived from the movements of their dancing. |
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John Henry Belter (d. 1865) created heavily carved pieces of furniture from laminated rosewood, and his name if often associated with the Rococo Revival style. |
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The period (1640 -1770) prior to the Revolutionary War that included Medieval and Early and Late Georgian interiors. |
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- Architectural style that contained American Empire interiors
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- Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854) was one of 19th century America’s leading furniture makers.
- Although Phyfe’s work encompassed a broad range of the period’s classical styles, Empire, Sheraton, Regency and French Classical among them, he is most famous for his simple style, a reaction to the imported French designs popular at the time.
- A popular furniture style in the American Federal period (1783 to mid-19th century), characterized by lyre-shaped motifs and graceful outward curved feet on tables and sofas. Seats often have lyre-back designs, rolled top arms and rails.
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- The English and American era that coincided witht he reign of Queen Victoria. It paralleled the Industrial Revolution, during which time many styles were seen. Victorian design is characterized by revivals of nearly every previous historical style, together with rapid technological development.
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- 19th century English designer and scholar who advocated the Gothic Revival style.
In contrast with other Victorian styles of furniture produced in America featuring classical motifs, Eastlake furniture is more geometric and incorporates modest curves. It sometimes includes mild Renaissance and medieval influences that do not overwhelm the design. Ornamental carving seen on these pieces is lightly incised rather than deeply carved. Wood grains were often emphasized, with oak and cherry often used in Eastlake pieces.
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- Known as the Sun King, he reigned in France between 1643 and 1715.
- Influenced the Baroque style in furniture during the earlier part of the reign, which later developed into the Regency style.
- A distinctly elegant style characterized by massive furniture and rich textiles and ornaments. the palace of Versailles was decorated in this style.
- Mahogany and oak were widely used. Baroque was large, masculine and symmetrical. Regency was characterized by its use of curves and introduction of chinoiserie. Ornamentation was usually done with rocks, shells, and flowers.
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- Classic French furniture design, from 1723-1774.
- Smaller, more intimate style less pomp baroque. Louis XV is a simpler style than Louis XIV but with curved lines and some rococo ornamentation.
- The style of furniture was essentially Rococo with soft flowing lines, shell and flower ornamentation, rich upholstery, inlaying and painted furniture.
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- Classic French furniture design, roughly from 1760 to the French Revolution in 1789.
- Louis XVI furniture style shows greater solidity and has straight lines, geometric shapes, classic symmetry, marquetry, minimal ornamentation and the predominant use of mahogany.
- One of a number of "neoclassic" styles in which simple, classical lines replaced the excess of the preceding rococo.
- Sometimes called Classic Revival.
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- a style of open-arm chair with a primarily exposed wooden frame originating in France in the early eighteenth century.
- made of wood, and frequently with carved relief ornament.
- typically upholstered on the seat, the seat back and on the arms (manchettes).
- some have a valenced front seat rail which is padding that extends slightly over the apron.
- the exposed wooden elements are often gilded or otherwise painted.
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- a chair of the 18th century, having arms with closed spaces between them and the seat.
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- Rustic versions of formal French furnishings of the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly the Louis XIV and Louis XV styles.
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- French term for a wardrobe or large movable closet.
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- The interior design title of the period concurrent with the antebellum Greek Revival homes.
- Colors are influenced by Napoleonic choices of bold, deep hues.
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Beaux Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic neoclassical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced US architecture in the period 1885–1920. Though Beaux-Arts style embodies an approach to a regenerated spirit within the grand traditions rather than a set of motifs, the principal characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture may be summarized: - Symmetry.
- Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases— to utilitarian ones
- More or less explicit references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism. An architect was expected to work fluently in a number of "manners", following the requirements of the client and the architectural program.
- Precision in design and execution of a profusion of architectural details: balustrades, pilasters, panels of bas-relief, figure sculpture, garlands, cartouch, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes) brackets and supporting consoles.
- Subtle use of polychromy.
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- 1890 - 1910
- A style of design based on natural floral motifs and colors
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- A school of thought at the close of the Victorian era that espoused a return to handmade, quality furnishings rather than machine-made items
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- Style of architecture and interior design developed in the late 19th century
- Features exposed beams, right-angled furniture, and rustic decoration
- Greene brothers and Gustav Stickley were early proponents
- Also called Mission style
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- a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts and film.
- characterized by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer and inlaid wood.
- bold use of stepped forms and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous, natural curves of the Art Nouveau),[22][11] chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif are typical
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- a major architectural style of the 1920s and 1930s.
- based on concepts developed simultaneously in several international locations, including the Bauhaus in Germany
- the style is simple, clean, functional, and modern in spirit
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A school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933. Espoused the integration of art and technology for the creation of good design. Had significant influence on the development of modern design. |
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1869 - 1959 Great American architect who believed that a building should relate to its setting. He designed the complete building, including interiors and furniture.
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- a wide armless chair with leather cushions on a double X-shaped frame formed of gently curving stainless steel bars
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- Also known as the Model B3 chair
- This chair was revolutionary in the use of the materials (bent tubular steel and canvas) and methods of manufacturing.
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- composed of three curved plywood shells with a form that relates directly to the human body
- low-slung, with an expertly crafted molded plywood seat and back that cradles the user
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- a Finnish American architect and product designer of the 20th century famous for varying his style according to the demands of the project[citation needed]: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism.
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