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Histo: Respiratory System
PPs/PDFs
111
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/08/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Definition
-provides oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body (produced by cell metabolism)
Term
How does the respiratory system perform its function?
Definition
-brings the gas phase of inhaled air extremely close to the liquid phase of circulating blood, thus oxygen and CO2 rapidly diffuse b/n the inhaled air and the circulating blood
Term
What are the two functional portions of the respiratory system and what are their components?
Definition
-Conducting portion: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and a branching system of bronchi
-Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Term
What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-connects the exterior of the body with a respiratory portion
Term
What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-where gas exchange takes place
Term
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-vestibular
-respiratory
-olfactory
Term
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-warming and humidifying air
-trapping inhaled debris
Term
Describe the epi of the Vestibular Region of the Nasal Cavity
Definition
-stratified squamous
-integument continues through nostril into vestibule of the nose
Term
Describe the epi and its contents of the Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity. Other layers?
Definition
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
-included goblet cells (secrete mucus)
-mucous glands in lamina propria and tunica submcosa (humidify air)
-venous plexuses in lamina propria/tunica submucosa (warm air)
-lymphoid tissue in lamina propria/tunica submucosa
Term
What is the function of the respiratory section of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-mucus (pdc by mucus glands) traps debris
-mucous glands humidify air
-venous plexuses warm inhaled air
Term
Describe the epi of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. What 3 cell types does it contain?
Definition
-tall pseudostratified columnar epi
-olfactory cells, sustentacular (supporting) cell, and basal cells
Term
What are olfactory cells (in olfactory region of the nasal cavity)? What do they do?
Definition
-bipolar neurons that respond to odorant molecules (apical portion is a modified dendrite)
-modified cilia project to surface
=>the axon extends from the base of the cell and is one of the fibers of the olfactory n
Term
What is a sustentacular (supporting) cell of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-tall cell with broad apex and narrow base
-function unknown
Term
What is a basal cell of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-compose a single layer of small cells near basal lamina
-differentiate into olfactory cells
Term
What special structures reside in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity? What is its function?
Definition
-Bowman's glands: branched, tubuloalveolar serous glands
-keep surface epi moist, provide a solvent to carry odorants to olfactory receptors, and help remove odorants so the receptors will not be continually stimulated
Term
What is the key macroscopic identifying feature of the trachea?
Definition
-C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that encircle it on the ventral and lateral aspects
Term
In most species, the _______ muscle (type of muscle?) joins ends of cartilage on the dorsal aspect of the trachea (a position equivalent to tunica muscularis).
Definition
-trachealis
-smooth m
Term
Describe the epi and contents of the the Lamia Epithelialis Mucosae of the Trachea
Definition
-epi= ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi (aka resp epi)
-contents: goblet cells, basal cells (single layer near the basal lamina), endocrine cells
Term
Describe the contents of the Lamina Propria/Tunica Submucosa of the Trachea.
Definition
-loose CT, many elastic fibers, NO LAMINA MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE, mixed sero-mucous glands with ducts that open onto epi surface
Term
Describe the Tunica Adventitia of the Trachea
Definition
-areolar loose CT that blends with surrounded CT
Term
The trachea divides to form two ________
Definition
-primary bronchi
Term
What kind of bronchi are structurally similar to the trachea?
Definition
-extrapulmonary bronchi
Term
After entering the lungs, the bronchi branch into ________ and _________. What happens to the cartilage rings around the trachea and bronchi and the distance extends?
Definition
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
-rings become smaller and are then replaced by interrupted cartilage plates and disappear beyond the tertiary bronchi
Term
Describe the macroscopic appearance of the Tunica Mucosa of the Bronchi
Definition
-folded
Term
Describe the epi/contents of the layers of the Bronchi
Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi throughout the bronchi
-Lamina propria: rich in elastic fibers, diffuse lymphoid tissue, mast cells, eosinphils
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: present throughout the bronchi and bronchioles (continuation of trachealis muscle)
-Tunica Submucosa: mixed sero-mucous glands (disappear distally) and cilia
-Cartilage occupies position of the tunica muscularis
Term
___________ are the smallest components of the conductive portion of the respiratory system. Their walls contain no cartilage or glands.
Definition
-bronchioles
Term
Describe the layers of the Tunica Mucosa of the Bronchioles
Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: no goblet cells, has low ciliated cells and non-ciliated bronciolar cells (NCB)
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: smooth m in discrete bundles that form a loose network in loose CT, innervated by autonomic nerve fibers
Term
What is the function of non-ciliated bronchiolar cells (NCB cells)? Aka...?
Definition
-form done-like projections into the lumen of the bronchiole, are the precursor of other bronchiolar epi cells
-aka Clara cells
Term
Repeated branching of ____________ leads to repiratory bronchioles.
Definition
-terminal bronchioles
Term
Describe the epi of respiratory bronchioles
Definition
-simple cuboidal and non-ciliated in more distal branches
-wall are interrupted at intervals by thin sac-like outpocketings (the alveoli)
Term
What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory bronchioles?
Definition
-gas exchange
Term
Respiratory bronchioles open into _________
Definition
-alveolar ducts
Term
Macroscopically describe alveolar ducts
Definition
-almost completely lined by alveoli
Term
The end of the alveolar septa abutting the alveolar ducts are covered by what kind(s) of cell(s)?
Definition
-few smooth muscle cells
-a few epi cells
Term
Each alveolar duct terminates in what structure?
Definition
-an alveolar sac (a group of alveoli)
Term
What is the function of alveoli?
Definition
-the site of gas exchange b/n inspired air and the blood
Term
Describe the alveolar wall
Definition
-consists of alveolar epi, capillary endothelium, and the interstitial tissue b/n them
-has small openings
Term
What is the barrier to diffusion b/n the alveolar air and the blood?
Definition
-epi, basal lamina, basal lamina of the endothelial cell, and the endothelial cell
Term
What are alveolar pores? What is their function?
Definition
-small openings in the alveolar wall
-allow passage of air b/n adjacent alveoli
Term
What are the 2 most prominent types of cells in the alveolar epithelium?
Definition
-Type I Alveolar Epithelial Cells (AEC-I): also called type I pneumocyte
-Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells (AEC-II): aka Type II Pneumocyte
Term
Describe a Type I Alveolar Epi Cell. About what percentage of the alveolar surface do they cover?
Definition
-simple squamous epi: extremely thin except at nuc
-attached to each other via tight junctions
-cover about 95% of alveolar surface
Term
Describe a Type II Alveolar Epi Cell.
What is its purpose?
Definition
-rounded cell
-secretes pulmonary surfactant that coats epi lining of the alveoli
Term
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
Definition
-mixture rich in phospholipids that reduced the surface tension of the liquid in the lung so the alveoli do not collapse during expiration
Term
Describe the contents of alveolar intersitital tissue
Definition
-mainly capillaries, fibroblasts, mast cells, monocytes
Term
What kind of cells act as the primary defense against particulate matter in the respiratory system?
Definition
-alveolar macrophages (aka pulmonary macrophages)
-defend against dust and bacteria
Term
How do alveolar macrophages defend the alveoli from particulate matter?
Definition
-they phagocytose debris that will eventually be carried up the airway to the pharynx, swallowed, and digested in the stomach
Term
Outline the pathway of an alveolar macrophage
Definition
-they arrive as blood monocytes and differentiate into macrophages in the interstitium of the lung
-are free cells that move across the surface of the alveolar wall
Term
Definition: Pulmonary Pleura
Definition
-serous mems that line the cavities that contain the lungs
Term
Describe the components of pulmonary pleura
Definition
-consist of a thin layer of collagenous tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous epi)
Term
Visceral Pleura vs Parietal Pleura
Definition
-Visceral: the portion over the surface of the lung
-Parietal: the portion of the wall of the thoracic cavity
Term
What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-cleans
-warms
-moistens
Term
What are the portions of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
Term
What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-gaseous exchange
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
Term
What are the components for the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli (alveolar sacs)
Term
What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-vestibule (cutaneous region)
-respiratory region
-olfactory region
Term
Generally describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
Definition
-integument continues thr nostril into vestibule
-non-keratinizing stratified squamous epi
Term
Generally describe the epi of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
Definition
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi and goblet cells
Term
Generally describe the epi of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
Definition
-it is a specialized epi region
-tall pseudostratified columnar epi
Term
Specifically describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
Definition
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi and goblet cells
-serous and mucous glands in lamina propria and tunica submucosa
-lymphoid aggregates
-numerous blood vessels
Term
Describe the apical surface of the epi cells of respiratory epi
Definition
-cells have 200-300 motile cilia as well as microvilli
Term
What results from a defect in cilia?
Definition
-may result in immotility thus increased risk of respiratory infections
Term
What is the specialized function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Definition
-moves the apical mucous layer of the respiratory tract to the pharynx to be swallowed
Term
What are the specialized serous glands of the lamina propria/tunica submucosa of respiratory epi?
Definition
-Bowman's glands
Term
What are the 3 cell types found in olfactory epi?
Definition
-olfactory cells
-sustentacular (supporting)cells
-basal cells
Term
Structurally and functionally describe the olfactory cells
Definition
-bipolar neurons with apex that is modified dendrite with modified cilia (olfactory knob)
-nuc are in middle layer
-axon extends from base to become giber of olfactory nerve that extends to brain
Term
Structurally and functionally describe sustentacular cells in respiratory epi
Definition
-tall cells with broad apex and narrow base
-nuc occupy superficial layer
-function unknown
Term
Structurally and functionally describe basal cells of respiratory epi
Definition
-single layer of small cells near basal lamina
-precursors of olfactory cells
Term
What are the 4 layers of tubular organs? What are their components?
Definition
-Tunica mucosa (lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria mucosae, lamina muscularis mucosae)
-tunica submucosa
-tunica msucularis
-tunica adventitia or tunica serosa
Term
Is the trachea flexible or rigid? Why?
Definition
-it is a flexible tube
-due to the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Term
The ends of C-shaped rings are joined dorsally by the what?
Definition
-trachealis m (smooth m)
Term
What are the 4 layers of the trachea?
Definition
-lamina epithelialis mucosae
-lamina propria/tunica submucosa
-tunica muscularis is taken up by trachealis m (dorsally)
-tunical adventitia
Term
Specifically describe the components of the lamina epithelialis mucosae of the trachea
Definition
-ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi
-respiratory epi with goblet cells
-basal cells in single layer near basal lamina
Term
Specifically describe the lamina propria/tunica submucosa of the trachea
Definition
-loosa CT with elastic fibers
-NO lamina muscularis mucosae
-seromucous glands
-lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, etc
Term
Specifically describe the tunica muscularis of the trachea
Definition
-trachealis m (dorsally) that joins ends of cartilage rings
Term
Specifically describe the tunica adventitia of the trachea
Definition
-areolar loose CT
-blends with surrounding CT
Term
Outline the branching pattern of the trachea to the lungs
Definition
-trachea divides to form two primary bronchi
-after entering the lungs, bronchi branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi
-distally, they become more numerous, smaller in diameter, and the cartilage rings become smaller and are replaced by interrupted cartilage plates, and eventually disappear
Term
The interrupted cartilage plates disappear at the level of the ________
Definition
-bronchioles
Term
Describe the tunica mucosa of the bronchi
Definition
-consists of the lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria mucosae, and lamina muscularis mucosae
Term
Describe the tunica submucosa of the bronchi
Definition
-begins to merge with tunica adventitia distaly
-contains mixed sero-ucous glands
-decreased glands distally in bronchi
Term
In the bronchi, the tunic muscularis position is occupied by what?
Definition
-hyaline cartilage
Term
Histologically describe the components of the tunica mucosa of the bronchi
Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi (resp epi); fewer goblet cells than trachea
-lamina propria: typical, rich in elastic fibers, lymphoid tissue, mast cells eosinophils
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: not a continuous layer of smooth m (continuation of trachealis m)
Term
Describe the tunica submucosa of the bronchi
Definition
-begins to merge with tunica adventita distaly
-contains aggregates of lymphocytes
-contains mixed sero-mucous glands
-decreased numbers of glands distally in bronchi (fewer glands in smaller bronchi)
Term
Bronchioles are the smallest components of ________ portion of the respiratory system.
Definition
-conductive
Term
Describe the lamina epithelialis mucosae of the tunica mucosa of the brionchioles.
Definition
-folded
-simple, ciliated low columnar cells and non-ciliated bronchiolar (NCB) cells (Clara cells)
-NO GOBLET CELLS (replaced by NCB cells)
Term
Describe the lamina muscularis mucosae of the tunica mucosa of the bronchioled
Definition
-smooth m in discrete bundles
-loose network of m in loose Ct
-innervated by autonomic nerve fibers
Term
NCB cells form ______ projections into bronchiole lumen. They have what function(s)?
Definition
-dome-like projections
-precursors of other brionchiolar epi cells, produce one components of surfactant, contain enzymes that detoxify noxious substances
Term
NCB cells are also known as _______ and have apical ______
Definition
-Clara cells
-secretory granules
Term
What are the differences between bronchi and bronchioles?
Definition
-Bronchus: cartilage ring or plates, mucus glands (sebaceous glands in submucosa), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi, goblet cells
-Brionchiole: no cartilage rings/plates, no seromucous glands in submucosa, simple ciliated short columnar to cuboidal epi, non-ciliated bronchiolar cells
Term
Respiratory brionchioles are also known as _______
Definition
-transition zones
Term
Describe the epi of the respiratory bronchioles
Definition
-simple cuboidal epi
-partially ciliated
-few NCB cells (Clara cells)
Term
How do you histologically differentiate between alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole?
Definition
-AD: more than 50% of wall is lined by epi
-less than 50% of wall is interrupted by alveoli
Term
Each alveolar duct terminates in a/an ________
Definition
-alveolar sac
Term
What is the function of the alveolar sac?
Definition
-site of gas exchange between inspired air and blood
Term
Definition: Alveolar sac
Definition
-a group of alveoli which share a common opening into the lumen of a duct
Term
Definition: Alveolar pores
Definition
-small openings in the alveolar wall that allows passage of air between adjacent alveoli
Term
What are the components of an alveolar wall?
Definition
-alveolar surface epi
-capillary endothelium
-interstitial tissue between them )basement membrane, minimal collagen fibers, etc)
Term
What forms a plexus around each alveolus? What is special about the BM of surface epi of alveoli?
Definition
-capillaries
-capillary BM is often in contact (fused) with BM of surface epi
Term
Describe the interstitial tissue of the alveoli
Definition
-fine fibers: reticular, collagen, and elastic fibers with occasional fibroblasts
Term
What is the barrier to diffusion between alveolar air and blood?
Definition
-Air-blood barrier
-alveolar epi (type I pneumocyte), basal lamina of pneumocyte, basal lamina of endothelial cell, endothelial cell
Term
Describe a Type I Pneumocyte
Definition
-simple squamous epi
-extremely thin exceptat the nucleus
-attached to each other by tight junctions
Term
Type I Pneumocytes cover __% of alveolar surface and Type II Pneumocytes cover __% of alveolar surface.
Definition
-95%
-5%
Term
Describe Type II Pneumocytes
Definition
-rounded cells, make up 60% of cells in lining epi
Term
What is the function(s) of a Type II Pneumocyte?
Definition
-secrete pulmonary surfactant
-retian ability to divide
-can differentiate into type I pneumocyte
Term
Definition: Surfactant
Definition
-complex mixture rich in phospholipid that reduces surface tensions and keeps alveoli from collapsing during expiration
Term
Alveolar epithelial cells lie on the convex or concave side of BM? Endothelial cells?
Definition
-AEC= convex side
-Endothelial cells lie on concave side
Term
Alveolar macrophages aka what?
Definition
-pulmonary macrophages
Term
What are the functions of alveolar macrophages?
Definition
-primary defense against particulate matter (dust and bacteria) that reaches alveolus
Term
True or False: Alveolar macrophages are fixed cells that cannot move across the surface of the alveolar wall.
Definition
FALSE; they are free cells that can move across the surface of the alveolar wall
Term
Outline the function of alveolar macrophages (how it happens)
Definition
-they phagocytose debris and eventually carried up airways to pharynx, where they are swallowed and digested in the stomach
Term
Definition: Pleura
-what is the special name for the pleura covering the lungs? the wall of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
-a thin layer of collagenous tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous epi)
-over lungs= visceral pleura
-over thoracic cavity wall= parietal pleura
Term
Visceral and parietal pleura are separated by a ______ that contains a small amount of _____
Definition
-potential space
-fluid
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