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HIST 101 Final
Western Civilizations Final Terms of Identification
39
History
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2011

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Term
The Black Hand
Definition
Time: 1910

Def:Secret military society of Bosnian-Serb nationalists. Had connections with Serbia, apart of WWI

Sig: secret movement, assassinations, Gavrillo Princip, cause of the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinan, Starts WWII, nationalist movement
Term
The Central Powers
Definition
Time: 1914

Definition: The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Sig:Alliances were made to create balance, however it does the opposite. Small to large conflict. Leads to WWI
Term
Allied Powers
Definition
Time: 1914

Def: The Alliance of France, Great Britain and Russia

Sig: Alliances were made to create balance, however it does the opposite. Small to large conflict. Leads to WWI
Term
Schlieffen Plan
Definition
Time: 1904

Def: A plan developed 20 years before WWI by Alfred Von Schlieffen. It said that the Germans hoped to quickly defeat France before Russia could mobilize their forces

Sig: Failed. Russia mobilized quicker than they thought which meant a two front war for Germany
Term
No Man's Land
Definition
Time: 1914

Def: The area between the trenches of two opposing armies

Sig: Creates anger, 'suicide attacks', walk into open fire, apart of traditional warfare, little land gained.
Term
'Over the Top'
Definition
Time: 1910

Def: A conventional military strategy, with small territorial gains and march into machine gun fire.

Sig: represents suicide, loss of confidence in leaders, hopelessness of attacks, end of traditional warfare
Term
Battle of Verdun
Definition
Time: 1916

Def: One of the major battles of WWI between France and Germany, ended with French tactical victory

Sig: Longest battle of WWI
Term
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Definition
Time: 1917

Def: Treaty between Russia and the Central powers

Sig: turning point, Russia's exit of WWI, Russian Revolution begins
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
Time: 1920

Def: A settlement imposed on Germany by the Allied powers after the end of WWI, It demanded major reparartions

Sig: territory was given to France, Denmark and Poland. Coal mines in saar for 15 years. Disarmed Germany which angered them. Article 231 war guilt clause, pay 33 Billion dollars
Term
The League of Nations
Definition
Time: 1919

Def: An intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Confrence. Ended WWI. Its mission was to maintain world peace

Sig: Failed, no military to enforce, and not all major countries involved (US). First UN. Leads to ethnic cleansing.
Term
The Great Depression
Definition
Time: 1929

Def: The severe worldwide economic depression. Began on 'black tuesday'.

Sig: The economy was in shambles globally. Helped Hitler into Germany. The New Deal. Abandoned the gold standard.
Term
The New Deal
Definition
Time: 1933

Def: economic programs apart of Franklin D. Roosevelt's election package

Sig:Currency management. Social Security. Maximum hours. Minimum wages. Welfare. "What the state owes workers."
Term
Facsism
Definition
Time: 1920's & 1930's

Def: An authoritarian and nationalist right-wing system of government. Militaristic, total state control, ethnic belonging

Sig: Survival of the fittest. Hitler. Mussolini. Protection for the little men.
Term
Hitler
Definition
Time: 1930's and 1940's

Def: Austrian born German politician. Chancellor of Germany and then head of state. Most commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, WWII and the holocaust

Sig: the rise of hitler lead to the Holocaust and WWII
Term
Benito Mussolini
Definition
Time: 1930's and 1940's

Def: An Italian politician who led the National fascist party

Sig: Key figures in the creation of fascism. Charasmatic and right-wing. Promised pride in one's nation, protection for the little men, total state control.
Term
Joseph Goebbels
Definition
Time: 1930's and 1940's

Def: A german politician and Reich minister of propaganda in Nazi Germany

Sig: Organized Kristallnact. Key to Nazi rise to power, Key to Nazi success
Term
Ustage
Definition
Time: 1930's and 1940's

Def: a croatian fascist movement with training in Italy and Hungary. Ethnic cleansing against Serbs, Jews and Romani people. Puppet regime for Nazis

Sig: Leads to ethnic cleansing, Ethnic Nationalism and the principle of self-determination
Term
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Definition
Time: 1938-1939

Def: Secret agreement for Germany to avoid a two front war. Soviet zone and German zone. Divides Poland. Treaty of non-agression between Germany andSoviet Union

Sig: Takes care of two front war problem, occupying Poland that starts WWII. Ends when Germany invades Soviet Union
Term
Vichy Regime
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: A French government that succeeded the Third republic. Southern France, Hitler Loyal

Sig: Reminds us that Europeans were cooperators and Collaborators. Kept their heads down and followed
Term
Siege of Stalingrad
Definition
Time: August 1942

Def: Major battle of WWII between soviet union and Germany. Was very brutal. Germany wanted access to Soviet oil

Sig: turning point of WWII, end of German expansion
Term
Manhattan Project
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: Research and development program led by the US with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada. It provided the first atomic bomb during WWII.

Sig: Beginning of nuclear warfare
Term
Einsatzgruppen
Definition
Time: Late 1930's and Early 1940's

Def: SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings of Jews

Sig: responsible for the murders of over 1,000,000 people. First Nazi organizations to commence mass killings of Jews as an organized policy. Babi Yar (33,771 killed in two days) and Rumbula (25,000 killed in two days)
Term
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Definition
Time: 1943

Def: The Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw ghetto in German occupied Poland during WWII. Ultamately, the Jewish lost

Sig: Largest Jewish uprising. The resistance movements left the legacy of fighting rather than obeying the state.
Term
The Final Solution
Definition
Time: 1942

Def: The most deadly phase of the Holocaust. Nazi Germany's plan and excecution of the systematic genocide of Jews during WWII through slave labor, evacuation and extermination

Sig: Gas was used for the first time. "They've got to go". Top down to get rid of Jews. The official start of the Holocaust as mass murder.
Term
Zklon
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: a pesticide infamous for its use by Nazi Germany to kill humans in gas chambers of extermination camps during the Holocaust

Sig: was used on 3 million people. New form of killing. Systematic
Term
Potsdam Conference
Definition
Time: July- August 1945

Def: A confrence including Truman, Stalin and Rooselt (US, UK, Soviet Union) to decide how to administer punishment to Nazi Germany, establish post-war order, peace treaty issues, and countering effects of the war

Sig: the free elections of Poland were not followed and the expulsions created more anger between the Polish and German
Term
The United Nations
Definition
Time: 1942

Def: An international organization of countries set up in 1942 in succession to the league of nations to promote international peace, security and cooperation

Sig: Legacy of the league of nations. No repeated mistakes. Peace in the World. has armed troops and all major countries were included.
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: A program of financial aid and other initiatives sponsored by the US. Designed to boost the economics of Western European countries after WWII. Advocated by George C. Marshall

Sig: Helped Europe recover from WWII and contributed to the cold war because it angered Stalin because he saw this as an interference under his sphere of influence
Term
Iron Curtain
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: A concept by Winston Churchill that symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into 2 seperate areas from the end of WWII until the end of the Cold War

Sig: On either side of the curtain states developed their own economic and military alliances
Term
NATO
Definition
Time: 1940's

Def: Military defense alliance, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down

Sig: A major international structure
Term
Trabant
Definition
Time: 1960's


Definition-Economic treaty between European countries involving common currency of the Euro

Significance- Problems with less wealthy countries like Greece and Spain. Failed to introduce universal constitution. Nationalism still present.
Term
Margaret Thatcher
Definition
Time: 1980's

Definition- Iron Lady, Prime minister of Great Britain, Conservative party, Deregulated business and decrease subsidies

Significance- Represents right wing swing of 1980s, product of recession in 70s
Term
European Union
Definition
Time: 1990's


Definition-Economic treaty between European countries involving common currency of the Euro

Significance- Problems with less wealthy countries like Greece and Spain. Failed to introduce universal constitution. Nationalism still present.
Term
Slobodan Milosevic
Definition
Time: 1990's

Definition-Serb nationalist leader, former communist, and the leader of Serbian nation from 1991-2001

Significance- Uses ethnic nationalist rhetoric to gain power, leads to Yugoslav wars and in turn ethnic cleansing and ethnic nationalism
Term
Arkan's Tigers
Definition
Time: 1990's


Definition- Serbian paramilitary units, not government run, lead by Arkan.

Significance- Took part in extremely brutal ethnic cleansing. Represents the paramilitary units in this war, government cease fires didn’t apply to them.
Term
Srebrenica
Definition
Time: 1995

Def: United nation's designated safe area, mountain town in Croatia. Got overrun by Serbs

Sig: Paramilitary organizations in the area did not respect the UN which led to loss of faith in the UN because of this
Term
Dayton Accord
Definition
Time: 1995

Def: Meeting in Dayton Ohio involving the people involved in the Yugoslav wars to discuss dividing Bosnia

Sig: There was a geographic problem. No easy price for peace.
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Time: 1800's

Def: a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867 Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle.

Sig: Marxist Communism has been the one of the most influential ideological developments. He was popular because he talked about problems many people felt. Inspired socialist movements of workers and intulects against the grim harshness of Europe's industrialization.
Term
Weimar Germany
Definition
Time: 1919

Def: the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. Social Democratic (Reform Socialism). a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted.

Sig: failure of democracy in Germany contributes to the rise of Hitler and Nazis
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