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Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics
30
Medical
Undergraduate 2
05/06/2012

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Cards

Term
Five pathologies associated with edema
Definition

increased hydrostatic pressure

decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

sodium and water retention

lymphatic obstruction

increased vascular permeability

 

Term
Definition of Vascular Congestion
Definition
a passive process that results from impaired outflow from increased hydrostatic pressure caused by vasodilation
Term
Vascular Congestion Causes
Definition

local: isolated venous constriction

 

systemic: cardiac failure

Term
Compare/Contrast Vascular Congestion with Hyperemia
Definition

vascular congestion: passive provess that results from impaired outflow caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing vasodilation

 

hyperemia: an active process that is caused by vasodilation typically due to inflammation

Term
Definition of Hemorrhage
Definition
extravastion of blood because of vessel rupture
Term
Conditions that determine the consquence of hemorrhage
Definition

rate and volume of blood loss

 

site of bleeding

 

loss of iron

Term
Compare/Contrast Hemostasis with Thrombosis
Definition

hemotasis: normal, maintains blood in a fluid state and vascular integrity

 

thrombosis: pathologic, inappropriate activation of normal hemostatic processes in uninjured vasculature

Term
Steps in Hemostasis
Definition

-vascular injury

-vasoconstriction

-primary hemostasis, platelet function

-secondary hemostasis, tissue factors act with platelets to activate coagulation cascade, production of thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin deposits at injury site

-permanent plug formation

Term
Role of Endothelial Injury in Thrombosis
Definition
causes alteration in blood flow, caused by injury to heart, ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques, trauma, or vasculitis
Term
Role of Stasis or Turbulence in Thrombosis
Definition
distrupt laminar flow, bring platelets into contact with endothelium, prevent dilution of activated coagulation factors by fresh flowing blood, retard influx of clotting factor inhibitors to permit buildup of clots, promote continued endothelial cell activation
Term
Role of Hypercoaguability in Thrombosis
Definition
any alteration of coagulation pathways
Term
Clinical Conditions Associated with Turbulence or Stasis
Definition

ulcerated artherosclerotic plaque

aneurysm

myocardial infarction

mitral valve stenosis

hyperviscosity syndromes

sickle cell anemia

Term
Factor V Leiden as a cause of Hypercoaguability
Definition
mutation of Factor V which inhibits presence of arginine residue that activated CS complex binds to
Term
Definition of Embolism
Definition
detached intravascular mass that is carried by blood to a site distant from the point of origin
Term
Definition of Infarction
Definition
an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage in tissue
Term
Causes of Infarction
Definition

thrombotic or embolitic events

 

arterial occlusions

Term
Factors that Influence development of an Infarction
Definition

nature of the vascular supply

 

rate of development of occlusion

 

vulnerability of a tissue to hypoxia

 

oxygen content of blood

Term
Definition of Shock
Definition
collapse of the cardiovascular system
Term
Three Categories of Shock
Definition

cardiogenic: low cardiact output due to myocardial pump failure

 

hypovolemic: low cardiac output due to inadequate blood or plase volume

 

distributive: vasidilation causes a state of hypovolemia

Term
Compare/Contrast petichia, purpura, ecchymoses
Definition

petichia associated with increased intravscular pressure, low platelet counts, defective platelet function, clotting factor deficiencies

 

purpura associated with same as petichia and also trauma, vasculities, and increased vascular fragility

 

ecchymoses associated with trauma

Term
Pulmonary Embolism Origin, Destination, Effects
Definition

origin: leg vein

 

destination: carried through right side of heart into pulmonary vasculature

 

effects: clinically asymptomatic, sudden death, infarction

Term
Systemic Embolism Origin, Destination, Effects
Definition

origin: intracardiac, forms in the heart

 

destination: lower extremities, brain

 

effects: infarction

Term
Stages of Shock
Definition

nonprogressive: compenastion occurs, perfusion of vital organs is maintained

 

progressive: hypotension as compensatory mechanism starts to fail, reduced stroke volume, weak pulse caused by decreased cardiac output, shallow respirations, reduced urine output cold and clammy skin

 

irreversible: cell injury is widespread causing reduced perfusion which damages cell membranes, multiple system organ failure

Term
Compare/Contrast Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Septic Shock
Definition

cardiogenic: increased heart rate, strengthen myocardial contractions, promote sodium and water retention

 

hypovolemic: hemorrhage, fluid loss, ascites, hemothorax

 

septic: gram negative bacteria, gram positive septicemia, fungal sepsis

Term
Major Threats to Life with Failure of Compensatory Mechanisms
Definition

initial threat: precipitating event

 

subsequent threat: changes to organs, electrolyte disturbances, metabolic acidosis, renal insufficiency

Term
Categories of Hemorrhage
Definition

petichiae: 1 - 2mm hemorrhages into skin, muscous membranes, serosal surfaces

 

purpura: > 3mm

 

eccymoses > 10 - 12cm

 

accumulation of blood in body cavities:

hemothorax: chest

hemopericardium: heart

hemoperitoneum: abdomen

hemoarthrosis: joints

Term
Definition of Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition

poor venous circulation and resultant fluid accumulation

 

localized: impaired venous outflow; emboli

 

systemic: congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, ascites

Term
Definition of Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition

protein concentration in blood is lower than in the interstitial tissue

 

fluid leaves the plasma and causes a reduced intravascular volume and renal hypoperfusion occurs

Term
Definition of Sodium & Water Retention
Definition

increased salt intake with renal insufficiency and increased tubular reabsorption of sodim

 

causes increased hydrostatic pressure and diminished vascular colloid osmotic pressure

Term
Definition of Lymphatic Obstruction
Definition
impaired lymphatic drainage
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